Table 4.
Health Status and Access to Health Care by Race/Ethnicity, Stratified by CKD Stage
| Variables | Whitea | African Americana | Hispanic | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CKD stages 1–2 | n = 3,762 | n = 3,716 | n = 451 | |
| CKD awareness | 957 (25.4) | 738 (19.9) | 114 (25.3) | <0.001 |
| Self-rated health status | <0.001 | |||
| Excellent | 132 (3.5) | 90 (2.4) | 12 (2.7) | |
| Good or very good | 1,792 (47.6) | 1,600 (43.1) | 189 (41.9) | |
| Fair | 643 (17.1) | 768 (20.7) | 134 (29.7) | |
| Poor | 154 (4.1) | 117 (3.1) | 36 (8.0) | |
| Most recent physician visit | <0.001 | |||
| Within last y | 3,321 (88.3) | 3,237 (87.1) | 366 (81.2) | |
| 1–2 y ago | 250 (6.6) | 270 (7.3) | 48 (10.6) | |
| >2 y ago | 145 (3.9) | 155 (4.2) | 33 (7.3) | |
| Difficulty obtaining medical care | <0.001 | |||
| Extremely | 146 (3.9) | 159 (4.3) | 69 (15.3) | |
| Somewhat or moderately | 395 (10.5) | 423 (11.4) | 96 (21.3) | |
| Not very | 591 (15.7) | 520 (14.0) | 65 (14.4) | |
| Not difficult | 1,577 (41.9) | 1,450 (39.0) | 138 (30.6) | |
| Type of physician | <0.001 | |||
| Generalist only | 1,595 (42.4) | 1,602 (43.1) | 224 (49.7) | |
| Nephrologist only | 11 (0.3) | 6 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |
| Generalist and nephrologist | 90 (2.4) | 83 (2.2) | 9 (2.0) | |
| Other specialistb | 1,183 (31.4) | 93 (25.1) | 90 (20.0) | |
| Other care providersc | 539 (14.3) | 628 (16.9) | 48 (10.6) | |
| None | 344 (9.1) | 465 (12.5) | 80 (17.7) | |
| Insurance coverage | 3,041 (80.8) | 2,788 (75.0) | 242 (53.7) | <0.001 |
| Medications coverage | 2,049 (54.5) | 1,793 (48.3) | 181 (40.1) | <0.001 |
| CKD stage 3 | n = 10,482 | n = 3,949 | n = 418 | |
| CKD awareness | 2,500 (23.9) | 720 (18.2) | 117 (28.0) | <0.001 |
| Self-rated health status | <0.001 | |||
| Excellent | 341 (3.3) | 89 (2.3) | 16 (3.8) | |
| Good or very good | 5,342 (51.0) | 1,729 (43.8) | 178 (42.6) | |
| Fair | 1,955 (18.7) | 873 (22.1) | 126 (30.1) | |
| Poor | 348 (3.3) | 110 (2.8) | 23 (5.5) | |
| Most recent physician visit | <0.001 | |||
| Within last y | 9,863 (94.1) | 3,740 (94.7) | 378 (90.4) | |
| 1–2 y ago | 385 (3.7) | 100 (2.5) | 24 (5.7) | |
| >2 y ago | 137 (1.3) | 54 (1.4) | 10 (2.4) | |
| Difficulty obtaining medical care | <0.001 | |||
| Extremely | 161 (1.5) | 91 (2.3) | 31 (7.4) | |
| Somewhat or moderately | 746 (7.1) | 358 (9.1) | 68 (16.3) | |
| Not very | 1,746 (16.7) | 527 (13.3) | 66 (15.8) | |
| Not difficult | 5,314 (50.7) | 1,804 (45.7) | 179 (42.8) | |
| Type of physician | <0.001 | |||
| Generalist only | 4,419 (42.2) | 1,903 (48.2) | 189 (45.2) | |
| Nephrologist only | 20 (0.2) | 12 (0.3) | 3 (0.7) | |
| Generalist and nephrologist | 622 (5.9) | 199 (5.0) | 23 (5.5) | |
| Other specialistb | 3,912 (37.3) | 1,136 (28.8) | 131 (31.3) | |
| Other care providersc | 1,020 (9.7) | 414 (10.5) | 26 (6.2) | |
| None | 489 (4.7) | 285 (7.2) | 46 (11.0) | |
| Insurance coverage | 9,486 (90.5) | 3,297 (83.5) | 308 (73.7) | <0.001 |
| Medications coverage | 6,683 (63.8) | 2,196 (55.6) | 233 (55.7) | <0.001 |
| CKD stages 4–5 | n = 660 | n = 295 | n = 27 | |
| CKD awareness | 347 (52.6) | 143 (48.5) | 16 (59.3) | 0.04 |
| Self-rated health status | 0.1 | |||
| Excellent | 13 (2.0) | 4 (1.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Good or very good | 245 (37.1) | 93 (31.5) | 11 (40.7) | |
| Fair | 160 (24.2) | 87 (29.5) | 10 (37.0) | |
| Poor | 59 (8.9) | 18 (6.1) | 3 (11.1) | |
| Most recent physician visit | 0.9 | |||
| Within last y | 625 (94.7) | 283 (95.9) | 26 (96.3) | |
| 1–2 y ago | 13 (2.0) | 6 (2.0) | 1 (3.7) | |
| >2 y ago | 10 (1.5) | 3 (1.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Difficulty obtaining medical care | <0.001 | |||
| Extremely | 19 (2.9) | 8 (2.7) | 6 (22.2) | |
| Somewhat or moderately | 50 (7.6) | 33 (11.2) | 9 (33.3) | |
| Not very | 93 (14.1) | 43 (14.6) | 3 (11.1) | |
| Not difficult | 312 (47.3) | 113 (38.3) | 7 (25.9) | |
| Type of physician | 0.2 | |||
| Generalist only | 226 (34.2) | 122 (41.4) | 10 (37.0) | |
| Nephrologist only | 10 (1.5) | 8 (2.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Generalist and nephrologist | 174 (26.4) | 71 (24.1) | 7 (25.9) | |
| Other specialistb | 178 (27.0) | 58 (19.7) | 7 (25.9) | |
| Other care providersc | 32 (4.8) | 16 (5.4) | 0 (0) | |
| None | 40 (6.1) | 20 (6.8) | 3 (11.1) | |
| Insurance coverage | 600 (90.9) | 241 (81.7) | 13 (48.1) | <0.001 |
| Medications coverage | 392 (59.4) | 149 (50.5) | 11 (40.7) | <0.001 |
Note: Unless otherwise indicated, data are presented as number (percentage). Asian and other race/ethnicity was excluded from analyses.
Abbreviation: CKD, chronic kidney disease.
a
Non-Hispanic.
b
Cardiologist or endocrinologist.
c
Obstetrician/gynecologist, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant.