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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 27.
Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol. 2012 Jul 30;2(3):405–418. doi: 10.1002/wdev.81

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Examples of RNAi-mediated gene function analyses in horned beetles. (a)–(f) Proximo-distal (P/D) axis patterning genes, (g)–(k) TGFβ-signaling; (l)–(n) Hox genes. (a)–(f) Analysis of P/D axis patterning genes in O. taurus for dachshund (dac) (a, b), homothorax (hth) (c, d), and Distal-less (Dll) (e, f). (a, c, e) RNAi results in characteristic phenotypes in traditional appendages also observed in other insect models (a = deletion of medial antenna; c = induction of ectopic T1 wings; e = loss of distal leg regions). (b, d, f) Effects on scaling relationship between body size (x-axis) and horn length (y-axis; Reprinted with permission from Ref 10. Copyright 2009 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences). (g)–(k) Down-regulation of the TGFβ-signaling pathway member Decapentaplegic (dpp) reduces horn growth in O. binodis. (g, h) Typical Onthophagus Dpp knock-down phenotypes similar to those seen in other insects (g, notal cleft; h, leg deformation). (i, k) typical horn phenotype and allometry in control-injected and RNAi individuals (Reprinted with permission from Ref 12. Copyright 2011 Springer Publishers). (l)–(n) Examples of Hox-RNAi phenotypes in O. binodis. (l) labial-to-maxillary palp transformation (TF) following-down regulation of Sex combs reduced (Scr). (m) Maxilla-to-leg transformation following maxillopedia-RNAi. Phenotypes match those reported for other insects. (n) Scr-RNAi does not affect (i) prepupal growth but alters (ii) pupal remodeling of thoracic horns in O. nigriventris (Reprinted with permission from Ref 11. Copyright 2011 Wiley Publishers and Moczek and Simonnet, unpublished).