Table 5. Incidence rate, crude and adjusted hazard ratios for injury among the sampled subjects according to injury type.
| Presence of Injury during the 90-day follow-up period | Total (n = 154,072) | Subjects who were prescribed Zolpidem (n = 77,036) | Comparison subjects (n = 77,036) | |||||||||||
| n, % | n, % | n, % | ||||||||||||
| Fracture | 752 | 0.49 | 520 | 0.68 | 232 | 0.30 | ||||||||
| Crude HRa (95% CI) | – | 2.25*** (1.93–2.63) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted HRb (95% CI) | – | 1.79*** (1.51–2.10) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Dislocation | 59 | 0.04 | 40 | 0.05 | 19 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Crude HRa (95% CI) | – | 2.11** (1.22–3.64) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted HRb (95% CI) | – | 1.61 (0.90–2.91) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Sprain | 3,826 | 2.48 | 2,534 | 3.29 | 1,292 | 1.68 | ||||||||
| Crude HRa (95% CI) | – | 1.99*** (1.86–2.13) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted HRb (95% CI) | – | 1.83*** (1.70–1.97) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Intracranial injury | 314 | 0.20 | 235 | 0.31 | 79 | 0.10 | ||||||||
| Crude HRa (95% CI) | – | 2.98*** (2.31–3.85) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted HRb (95% CI) | – | 2.39*** (1.81–3.14) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Internal injury of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis | 25 | 0.02 | 19 | 0.02 | 6 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| Crude HRa (95% CI) | – | 3.17* (1.27–7.93) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted HRb (95% CI) | – | 2.46 (0.92–6.57) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Open wounds | 1,824 | 1.18 | 1,226 | 1.59 | 598 | 0.78 | ||||||||
| Crude HRa (95% CI) | – | 2.07*** (1.87–2.28) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted HRb (95% CI) | – | 1.75*** (1.57–1.93) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Injury to blood vessels | 15 | 0.01 | 13 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| Crude HRa (95% CI) | – | 6.50* (1.47–28.81) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted HRb (95% CI) | – | 6.34* (1.37–29.38) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Burns | 201 | 0.13 | 135 | 0.18 | 66 | 0.09 | ||||||||
| Crude HRa (95% CI) | – | 2.05*** (1.53–2.75) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted HRb (95% CI) | – | 1.78*** (1.29–2.46) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Injury to nerves and spinal cord | 55 | 0.04 | 42 | 0.05 | 13 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Crude HRa (95% CI) | – | 3.23*** (1.74–6.02) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted HRb (95% CI) | – | 2.06* (1.06–4.02) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Injury, other and unspecified | 170 | 0.11 | 108 | 0.14 | 62 | 0.08 | ||||||||
| Crude HRa (95% CI) | – | 1.74*** (1.28–2.38) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted HRb (95% CI) | – | 1.25 (0.88–1.77) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Notes: *indicates p<0.05; **indicates p<0.01;***indicates p<0.001; aHazard ratio was calculated by using stratified Cox proportional regression (stratified on sex and age group); bAdjustment for patient’s monthly income, urbanization level, geographic region, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, valvular disease, pulmonary circulation disorders, periphreal vascular disorders, hypertension, paralysis, coagulopathy, other neurological disorders, chronic pulmonary disease, diabetes uncomplicated, diabetes complicated, hypothyroidism, renal failure, liver disease, peptic ulcer disease excluding bleeding, solid tumor without metastatsis, rheumatoid arthritis, fluid and electrolyte disorders, blood loss anemia, deficiency anemias, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, psychoses, depression, AIDS, lymphoma, metastatic cancer, obesity, weight loss, and propensity score.