Table 1.
Participant Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
| Variable | Control (n = 65) | MDD only (n = 40) | PD only (n = 28) | Comorbid (n = 58) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) age (years) | 32.4 (13.2)a | 31.4 (12.5)a | 34.0 (13.1)a | 36.1 (11.2)a |
| Sex (% female) | 60.0a | 62.5a | 60.7a | 70.7a |
| Race (% Caucasian) | 41.5a | 47.5a | 46.4a | 48.3a |
| Education (%) | ||||
| Grade 7 to 12 (without graduating high school) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 5.2 |
| Graduated high school or high school equivalent | 7.7 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 3.4 |
| Part college or graduated 2-year college | 29.2 | 60.0 | 32.1 | 46.6 |
| Graduated 4-year college | 35.4 | 27.5 | 42.9 | 27.6 |
| Part or completed graduate/professional school | 27.7 | 12.5 | 17.9 | 17.2 |
| Mean (SD) clinical variables | ||||
| Global Assessment of Functioning | 88.7 (7.5)a | 53.5 (7.5)c | 58.1 (8.9)b | 52.3 (6.4)c |
| Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression | 1.5 (1.8)a | 24.2 (8.1)c | 8.6 (7.2)b | 26.5 (8.6)c |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory | 1.7 (2.0)a | 13.9 (10.8)b | 15.5 (11.8)b,c | 20.4 (13.3)c |
| Age of onset of first depressive disorder (years) | – | 13.6 (3.3)a | – | 13.4 (4.0)a |
| Age of onset of first anxiety disorder (years) | – | – | 21.2 (9.0)a | 16.0 (8.9)b |
| Lifetime alcohol abuse/dependence disorder | 6.2a | 42.5b,c | 28.6b | 50.0c |
| Lifetime drug abuse/dependence disorder | 1.5a | 27.5b,c | 17.9b | 39.7c |
| Current psychiatric medications (%) | ||||
| Any medication | 1.6a | 30.0b,c | 21.4b | 44.8c |
| SSRI/SNRI | 0.0 | 17.5 | 25.0 | 19.0 |
| Tricyclic/tetracyclic antidepressant | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 5.2 |
| Atypical antidepressant | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.9 |
| Atypical antipsychotic | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.2 |
| Benzodiazepine | 0.0 | 7.5 | 7.1 | 22.4 |
| Other | 1.5 | 7.5 | 0.0 | 12.1 |
Note. Means or percentages with different subscripts across rows were significantly different in pairwise comparisons (p < .05, chi-square test for categorical variables and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test for continuous variables). MDD = major depressive disorder; PD = panic disorder; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SNRI = serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. “Other” medications included stimulants (n = 1 control, n = 2 comorbids), serotonin modulators (n = 3 comorbids), tryptophan (n = 1 comorbid), s-adenosylmethionine (n = 1 comorbid), opiate analgesics (n = 1 MDD), and hypnotics (n = 2 MDD, n = 1 comorbid).