Table 2. Clinical and lifestyle profile of study participants.
| Variables | Miss (%) | Overalln = 7,198 | Chinesen = 4,873 (67.70%) | Malayn = 1,167 (16.21%) | Indiann = 1,158 (16.09%) | P-value |
| Anthropometric measurements, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Height (cm) | 33.63% | 163.29 (8.92) | 163.6 0(8.63) | 162.13 (9.22) | 162.94 (9.74) | <0.001† |
| Weight (kg) | 33.63% | 63.71 (12.92) | 61.55 (12.12) | 68.91 (13.69) | 68.47 (13.02) | <0.001† |
| Body mass index | 33.63% | 23.85 (4.23) | 22.91 (3.67) | 26.21 (4.73) | 25.81 (4.55) | <0.001† |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 33.72% | 84.15 (11.24) | 81.90 (10.63) | 88.22 (11.35) | 90.27 (10.4) | <0.001† |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 33.72% | 98.68 (9.23) | 96.97 (8.4) | 102.50 (9.79) | 102.72 (9.92) | <0.001† |
| Waist-hip ratio | 33.72% | 0.85 (0.08) | 0.84 (0.08) | 0.86 (0.08) | 0.88 (0.09) | <0.001† |
| Blood pressure measurements, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 33.63% | 132.07 (20.86) | 130.79 (20.63) | 136.15 (20.56) | 134.01 (21.53) | <0.001† |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 33.63% | 77.78 (10.79) | 77.20 (10.81) | 79.64 (10.80) | 78.63 (10.46) | <0.001† |
| Laboratory measurements, mean (SD) | ||||||
| HOMA-IR | 39.73% | 1.95 (2.11) | 1.66 (1.67) | 2.21 (2.29) | 2.99 (3.08) | <0.001† |
| log Insulin (mU/L) | 33.66% | 1.88 (0.66) | 1.77 (0.63) | 2.00 (0.62) | 2.23 (0.64) | <0.001† |
| log Fasting plamsa glucose (mmol/L) | 33.62% | 1.61 (0.21) | 1.59 (0.18) | 1.65 (0.27) | 1.69 (0.27) | <0.001† |
| log High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 33.62% | 0.26 (0.26) | 0.30 (0.26) | 0.21 (0.24) | 0.12 (0.25) | <0.001† |
| log Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 33.62% | 1.15 (0.26) | 1.13 (0.26) | 1.21 (0.28) | 1.19 (0.25) | <0.001† |
| log Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 33.62% | 1.63 (0.18) | 1.63 (0.18) | 1.67 (0.19) | 1.63 (0.18) | <0.001† |
| log Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 33.62% | 0.15 (0.51) | 0.1 (0.52) | 0.28 (0.50) | 0.24 (0.46) | <0.001† |
| log C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 35.70% | 0.17 (1.20) | −0.06 (1.14) | 0.51 (1.16) | 0.84 (1.17) | <0.001† |
| History of co-morbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 33.63% | 1,929 (40.38) | 1,285 (38.63) | 307 (45.41) | 337 (43.48) | 0.001‡ |
| Diabetes mellitus | 29.59% | 2,080 (41.04) | 1,260 (36.04) | 374 (50.75) | 446 (53.41) | <0.001‡ |
| Coronary heart disease | 0.10% | 204 (2.84) | 106 (2.18) | 23 (1.97) | 75 (6.48) | <0.001‡ |
| Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) | 0.00% | 111 (1.54) | 65 (1.33) | 10 (0.86) | 36 (3.11) | <0.001‡ |
| Asthma lung disease | 0.00% | 338 (4.70) | 155 (3.18) | 70 (6.00) | 113 (9.76) | <0.001‡ |
| Cancer | 0.00% | 65 (0.90) | 54 (1.11) | 4 (0.34) | 7 (0.60) | 0.023‡ |
| Musculoskeletal illness | 0.00% | 1,491 (20.71) | 1,066 (21.88) | 164 (14.05) | 261 (22.54) | <0.001‡ |
| On medication (hypertensive/diabetics/lipid-lowering) | 0.00% | 1,844 (25.62) | 1,166 (23.93) | 291 (24.94) | 387 (33.42) | <0.001‡ |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.00% | <0.001‡ | ||||
| Never smoke | 5,693 (79.09) | 3,919 (80.42) | 838 (71.81) | 936 (80.83) | ||
| Ever smoke | 587 (8.16) | 389 (7.98) | 110 (9.43) | 88 (7.60) | ||
| Currently smoke | 918 (12.75) | 565 (11.59) | 219 (18.77) | 134 (11.57) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.00% | <0.001‡ | ||||
| Never drink | 4,645 (64.53) | 2,767 (56.78) | 1,085 (92.97) | 793 (68.48) | ||
| Ever drink | 922 (12.81) | 749 (15.37) | 52 (4.46) | 121 (10.45) | ||
| Currently drink | 1,631 (22.66) | 1,357 (27.85) | 30 (2.57) | 244 (21.07) | ||
| Family function measure, mean (SD) | 0.00% | 58.69 (17.99) | 57.34 (17.77) | 60.87 (17.01) | 62.19 (19.17) | <0.001† |
| Physical energy expenditure, mean (SD) | 0.06% | 0.72 (0.83) | 0.67 (0.79) | 0.84 (0.92) | 0.81 (0.91) | <0.001† |
†
ANOVA F statistics are significant at 5% level.
‡
Pearson Chi2 statistics are significant at 5% level.