Table 1.

Viability analyses of electrically detached microorganisms

Samplea	Triangular wave potential, 1 h at RT	Detachment rate (%)b	Survival rate (%)c	Viable bacteria collection rate (%)d
Garden soil	±10 mV, 9 MHz	99.8	91	N. D.
Garden soil	±8 mV, 9 MHz	65.5	17	N. D.
Garden soil	±6 mV, 9 MHz	99.8	58	N. D.
Garden soil	±4 mV, 9 MHz	98	38	N. D.
E. coli	±10 mV, 9 MHz	99.6	83	88
B. subtilis	±10 mV, 9 MHz	99.7	47	48

N. D. not determined

^aEach microorganism in PBS(−) selectively attached to the reticulated ITO electrode region to which −0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl potential was applied for 24 h at RT. Then, ±10 mV vs. Ag/AgCl 9-MHz triangular wave potential was applied for 1 h at RT

^bCell numbers were counted in randomly selected 50 × 50-μm² regions of the reticulated ITO electrode region before and after triangular wave potential application

^cMore than 300 residual microorganisms on the electrodes were distinguished using a live/dead backlight bacterial viability kit after electrical detachment. Survival rates were determined by the sum of three independent experiments

^dThe viable bacteria collection rate was calculated from colony numbers after triangular wave potential application divided by the total colony number. Collection rates were determined by the sum of three independent experiments