Table 2.
Analysis of variance (ANOVAs) of the mean ERP amplitudes in Experiment 1.
| N400 (350–500 ms) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| df | F | p | |||
| LATERAL REGIONS | |||||
| NP | 1.23 | 16.91 | *** | ||
| CO | 2.46 | 18.02 | *** | ||
| ROI × NP × CO | 6.138 | 4.58 | ** | ||
| ROI = R-ant | NP1 | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 18.20 | *** |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | 47.04 | *** | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 10.21 | ** | ||
| NP2 | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 7.61 | * | |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | − | − | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 12.29 | ** | ||
| ROI = L-post | NP1 | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 19.36 | *** |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | 39.43 | *** | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 4.84 | ** | ||
| NP2 | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 7.95 | ** | |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | 3.53 | · | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 4.06 | · | ||
| ROI = R-post | NP1 | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 28.66 | *** |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | 34.22 | *** | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | − | − | ||
| NP2 | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 20.24 | *** | |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | − | − | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 16.72 | *** | ||
| MIDLINE REGIONS | |||||
| NP | 1.23 | 12.53 | ** | ||
| CO | 2.46 | 22.39 | *** | ||
| ROI × CO | 10.230 | 5.38 | ** | ||
| NP × CO | 2.46 | 13.96 | *** | ||
| NP1 | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 26.31 | *** | |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | 54.83 | *** | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 6.90 | * | ||
| NP2 | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 15.39 | *** | |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | 3.90 | · | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 10.58 | ** | ||
| Late Positivity (context effect: 500–700 ms) | |||||
| LATERAL REGIONS | |||||
| NP | 1.23 | 12.29 | ** | ||
| CO | 2.46 | 43.95 | *** | ||
| ROI × CO | 6.138 | 7.89 | *** | ||
| ROI = L-ant | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 2.57 | − | |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | 20.35 | *** | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 22.11 | *** | ||
| ROI = R-ant | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 3.60 | − | |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | 43.86 | *** | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 34.93 | *** | ||
| Late Positivity (context effect: 500–700 ms) | |||||
| ROI = L-pos | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 14.13 | ** | |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | 66.56 | *** | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 52.95 | *** | ||
| ROI = R-pos | Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 10.05 | ** | |
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | 69.38 | *** | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 59.90 | *** | ||
| MIDLINE REGIONS | |||||
| NP | 1.23 | 4.45 | * | ||
| CO | 2.46 | 45.89 | *** | ||
| Inferred vs. Given | 1.23 | 7.77 | * | ||
| New vs. Given | 1.23 | 65.99 | *** | ||
| New vs. Inferred | 1.23 | 66.32 | *** | ||
| Late Positivity (markedness effect: 550–700 ms) | |||||
| LATERAL REGIONS | |||||
| ROI × NP × MA | 3.69 | 8.33 | *** | ||
| ROI = L-ant | NP2 | 1.23 | 9.2 | ** | |
| ROI = R-ant | NP2 | 1.23 | 19.52 | *** | |
Note: L-ant, left anterior region; L-post, left posterior regions; R-ant, right anterior region; R-post, right posterior regions. NP1, sentence-initial position; NP2, sentence-medial position. – no significance; · p < 0.08;
*
p < 0.05;
**
p< 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.
Interactions are resolved by the factor from the left.