Table 1.

Table summarizing the CIN-causing mitotic phenotypes observed in different cell types and/or models upon de-regulated oncogenic signaling.

Pathway	Gene(s)	Mitotic phenotype	Model	Reference
RB	E2F	Chromatin assembly/condensation; chromosome mis-segregation; impaired SAC; stabilization of k-MT attachments	Human fibroblasts (WI-38), MEFs, HCT116, T24, HT1197, SW480, U2OS, IMR-90, RPE1, NIH-3T3	Ren et al. (2002), Hernando et al. (2004), Kabeche and Compton (2012)
	RB	Chromosome condensation; impaired centromere structure; heterochromatin structure; chromosome mis-segregation	MEFs; RPE1; Drosophila neuroblasts	Isaac et al. (2006), Coschi et al. (2010), Manning et al. (2010)
	RB, p107, p130	Chromatid breaks; cohesion defects	MEFs	Manning et al. (2010), van Harn et al. (2010)
Wnt	Conductin/AXIN2 and APC	Premature centrosome separation (Plk1-dependent); Impaired SAC (Plk1-dependent)	MEFs; SW480, U2OS, HCT116, DLD1, HEK293T, HeLa	Hadjihannas et al. (2006), Hadjihannas et al. (2010), Ruan et al. (2012)
	Disheveled 2 (Dvl2)	Regulation of MT-plus-ends (Plk1-dependent); Impaired SAC (Mps1, Bub1, and BubR1-dependent)	HeLaS3, U2OS	Kikuchi et al. (2010)
	GSK3β	Mis-alignment; chromosome mis-segregation; micronuclei formation	HeLa, HEK293T, Drosophila embryos	Wakefield et al. (2003), Bobinnec et al. (2006), Tighe et al. (2007)
	β-catenin	Loss of centrosome separation; monopolar spindle formation; chromosome condensation	HeLa, HEK293T, NIH-3T3, MDCK, U2OS, DlD1, HCT116	Kaplan et al. (2004), Bahmanyar et al. (2008), Davalos et al. (2012)
	APC	Hyper-stabilization of k-MT attachment	Mouse ES cells, Ptk2, HT29, SW480, Caco2, LoVo, HCT116, RKO, HEK293T, HeLa, RPE1	Fodde et al. (2001), Zumbrunn et al. (2001), Green and Kaplan (2003), Green et al. (2005), Draviam et al. (2006), Bakhoum et al. (2009a)
DNA damage	p53	Centrosome function (Aurora A, Plk2, and Plk4-dependent)	Mouse hepatocytes	Kurinna et al. (2013)
	unknown component	Centrosome integrity; multipolarity; chromosome mis-segregation	CHO	Hut et al. (2003)
	Chk1	k-MT stability (Aurora B-dependent); Centrosome amplification; Disrupted SAC function (Mad2, BubR1, and Aurora B-dependent)	DT40, HCT116, HEK293T, U2OS, mouse MECs, HC11, NIH-3T3, HeLa, OVCAR-8, OVCA-432, A2780, OVCAR-5	Bourke et al. (2007), Zachos et al. (2007), Carrassa et al. (2009), Peddibhotla et al. (2009), Chila et al. (2013)
	Chk2/BRCA1	Abnormal mitotic spindle assembly; lagging chromosomes	HCT116, HeLa, BJ-hTERT	Stolz et al. (2010b)
	DNA-PKcs	Abnormal spindle formation	HeLa, AT5BIVA	Shang et al. (2010)
Ras	HRas	Weakened SAC	PCCL3	Knauf et al. (2006)
	KRas	Chromosome mis-segregation	DLD1, HCT116	Luo et al. (2009)
	BRAF	Impaired SAC (Mps1-dependent); supernumerary centrosomes	SK-MEL-5, SK-MEL-28, A375, SBcl2, hTERT-HME	Cui et al. (2010)
Notch	Notch	Mitotic delay (CycB1-dependent)	KS-IMM, KS-Y1	Curry et al. (2007)
TGF-β	Ski	Weakened SAC function; lagging chromosomes/chromosome bridges; micronuclei formation	Primary MEFs, SV-40 immortalized MEFs	Marcelain et al. (2012)
	Smad2/3	Impaired SAC function?	Sw480, HeLa	Zhu et al. (2007)
NF-κB	IκB	Centrosome function (Aurora A-dependent); Mitotic arrest (CycB1 and Plk1-dependent); chromosome mis-segregation	HeLa, COS7, Primary MEFs	Prajapati et al. (2006), Irelan et al. (2007)
Integrin	ILK	Centrosome clustering (TACC3 and ch-TOG-dependent); Hyper-stabilization of k-MT dynamics	BT549, MDA-MB-231, MCF7, MCF10A, 184-hTERT, PC3, DU145, BPH-1, HEK293T, HeLa, IMR-90	Fielding et al. (2008), Fielding et al. (2011), Lim et al. (2013)
Hippo	NDR1/Fry/MST2	Chromosome misalignment	HeLa	Chiba et al. (2009)
	MST1	Centrosome overduplication; Stabilization of k-MT attachments (Aurora B-dependent)	HeLa, U2OS, PT67, COS7, RPE1	Hergovich et al. (2009), Oh et al. (2010)
	LATS2	Centrosome fragmentation; chromosome misalignment; loss of SAC activity; cytokinesis failure	Primary MEFs	Yabuta et al. (2007)
	KIBRA	Defects in mitotic spindle formation; chromosome misalignment	HEK293T, MCF7, HeLa	Zhang et al. (2012)