Table 3.
Regression Estimates of Impact of Fast-food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake for Adolescents Aged 1 2 to 19, by Gender, Race/Ethnicity and Income.
| Total Energy Intake
|
Beverage Intake
|
Nutrient Intake
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | SSB (gm) | Regular soda (gm) | Milk (gm) | Sugar (gm) | Protein (gm) | Total fat (gm) | Saturated fat (gm) | Sodium (mg) | |
| All (N=4699) | |||||||||
| Fast food | 309.53*** (34.27) | 162.40*** (21.72) | 163.67*** (17.60) | −52.29*** (12.04) | 16.24*** (2.82) | 7.94*** (1.50) | 14.36*** (1.66) | 4.64*** (0.64) | 396.28*** (70.73) |
| Full-service | 267.30*** (46.61) | 126.10*** (33.10) | 107.25*** (28.86) | −50.65** (19.82) | 7.28* (4.01) | 12.93*** (2.14) | 14.49*** (2.22) | 3.99*** (0.85) | 624.90*** (102.08) |
|
| |||||||||
| Girl (N=2332) | |||||||||
| Fast food | 231.49*** (39.29) | 147.87*** (24.36) | 136.25*** (20.82) | −27.58* (14.79) | 16.23*** (3.29) | 5.83*** (1.71) | 9.46*** (2.10) | 2.77*** (0.76) | 197.13** (89.02) |
| Full-service | 246.33*** (57.01) | 140.40*** (39.80) | 72.38** (34.38) | −41.89** (19.50) | 10.38** (4.76) | 9.22*** (2.58) | 13.00*** (2.90) | 3.63*** (1.10) | 534.41*** (130.97) |
|
| |||||||||
| Boy (N=2367) | |||||||||
| Fast food | 389.46*** (55.15) | 177.65*** (35.75) | 190.56*** (28.14) | −75.69*** (18.78) | 16.39*** (4.57) | 10.15*** (2.42) | 19.27*** (2.50) | 6.52*** (1.00) | 599.62*** (107.41) |
| Full-service | 286.75*** (75.15) | 109.58** (54.59) | 147.21*** (48.01) | −60.21* (36.23) | 3.62 (6.67) | 17.14*** (3.49) | 15.97*** (3.37) | 4.32*** (1.30) | 718.01*** (157.08) |
|
| |||||||||
| White (N=1306) | |||||||||
| Fast food | 314.14*** (50.18) | 200.63*** (32.31) | 196.33*** (26.18) | −60.91*** (18.00) | 20.78*** (4.06) | 7.08*** (2.20) | 12.11*** (2.44) | 4.07*** (0.95) | 366.40*** (104.86) |
| Full-service | 300.52*** (61.30) | 142.96*** (44.59) | 120.23*** (38.84) | −59.50** (27.08) | 10.55** (5.27) | 13.14*** (2.74) | 14.55*** (2.87) | 4.02*** (1.07) | 643.76*** (132.02) |
|
| |||||||||
| Black (N=1554) | |||||||||
| Fast food | 376.12*** (53.30) | 96.59*** (30.11) | 88.88*** (22.45) | −23.66* (12.10) | 11.28*** (4.36) | 13.17*** (2.13) | 20.43*** (2.57) | 6.66*** (0.85) | 591.80*** (92.14) |
| Full-service | 242.74*** (84.78) | 92.91 (59.39) | 46.81 (38.59) | −10.61 (18.87) | 6.75 (7.00) | 13.49*** (3.90) | 12.47*** (4.01) | 1.97 (1.36) | 592.36*** (177.65) |
|
| |||||||||
| Hispanic (N=1636) | |||||||||
| Fast food | 215.87*** (55.86) | 69.30* (36.23) | 95.30*** (25.44) | −58.25*** (19.52) | 4.63 (4.34) | 5.72** (2.57) | 15.39*** (2.63) | 4.82*** (0.97) | 319.40*** (107.11) |
| Full-service | 213.31*** (79.38) | 134.12*** (49.53) | 144.68*** (33.71) | −33.82 (29.75) | 5.38 (5.87) | 11.80** (4.79) | 13.67*** (4.17) | 4.10** (1.99) | 699.42*** (224.81) |
|
| |||||||||
| Low income (N=1817) | |||||||||
| Fast food | 383.73*** (54.26) | 193.76*** (40.54) | 142.77*** (29.25) | −34.50** (16.16) | 18.64*** (4.64) | 9.65*** (2.38) | 18.84*** (2.61) | 5.68*** (0.95) | 535.95*** (104.59) |
| Full-service | 243.03*** (83.84) | 133.07** (67.67) | 67.41 (52.95) | −38.46 (24.40) | 2.49 (7.76) | 15.06*** (3.97) | 15.57*** (4.03) | 4.72*** (1.41) | 677.84*** (198.13) |
|
| |||||||||
| Middle income (N=1385) | |||||||||
| Fast food | 289.52*** (59.01) | 128.59*** (42.31) | 170.49*** (35.93) | −52.50** (21.96) | 14.45*** (5.00) | 7.86*** (2.66) | 12.90*** (2.92) | 4.88*** (1.05) | 431.57*** (129.67) |
| Full-service | 232.51*** (81.03) | 64.72 (58.83) | 53.46 (52.92) | −16.50 (31.39) | 10.16 (7.11) | 12.22*** (3.38) | 10.89*** (3.93) | 2.05 (1.38) | 504.52*** (180.98) |
|
| |||||||||
| High income (N=1259) | |||||||||
| Fast food | 293.62*** (61.13) | 164.17*** (34.92) | 169.51*** (28.88) | −58.05*** (22.44) | 16.58*** (4.93) | 7.35*** (2.68) | 13.31*** (2.93) | 4.02*** (1.18) | 302.13** (127.05) |
| Full-service | 291.13*** (75.61) | 144.30*** (50.44) | 148.50*** (45.12) | −71.21** (34.70) | 7.94 (6.26) | 12.66*** (3.55) | 15.74*** (3.60) | 4.51*** (1.41) | 658.09*** (161.96) |
Notes: All analyses are weighted using NHANES examination weight. Standard errors are reported in parentheses and are robust.
*
Significant at 10%,
**
significant at 5%,
***
significant at 1%. Control variables include indicators for non-restaurant food away from home consumption, whether the recall was on a week day versus the weekend and whether it was on day 1 versus day 2.
SSB: sugar sweetened beverage.