Table 4.
Regression Estimates of Impact of Fast-food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption At Home and Away from Home on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake for Children and Adolescents.
| Total Energy Intake
|
Beverage Intake
|
Nutrient Intake
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | SSB (gm) | Regular soda (gm) | Milk (gm) | Sugar (gm) | Protein (gm) | Total fat (gm) | Saturated fat (gm) | Sodium (mg) | |
| Panel A: Age 2 – 11 (N=4717) | |||||||||
| Fast food away from home | 77.31*** (28.61) | 91.36*** (18.42) | 76.40*** (13.61) | −41.5*** (12.62) | 4.00 (2.63) | −0.30 (1.41) | 4.74*** (1.49) | 1.09* (0.61) | −78.61 (60.52) |
| Fast food at home | 146.72*** (26.18) | 83.48*** (17.27) | 64.55*** (11.45) | −11.34 (11.24) | 7.78*** (2.51) | 2.37** (1.11) | 7.38*** (1.34) | 2.25*** (0.51) | 133.62*** (50.71) |
| Full-service away from home | 200.24*** (41.91) | 172.57*** (25.17) | 114.47*** (18.72) | −30.16** (14.65) | 18.44*** (3.95) | 5.18*** (1.79) | 8.12*** (1.92) | 2.08** (0.82) | 239.45*** (86.24) |
| Full-service at home | 68.62 (55.76) | 49.35 (30.45) | 26.55 (20.13) | −23.54 (26.58) | 7.66 (4.70) | −1.99 (2.39) | 1.35 (2.75) | 0.24 (1.17) | 176.50 (111.13) |
|
| |||||||||
| Panel B: Age 12 – 19 (N=4699) | |||||||||
| Fast food away from home | 285.2*** (44.19) | 226.02*** (26.39) | 200.20*** (22.30) | −65.02*** (14.79) | 18.86*** (3.52) | 6.89*** (1.94) | 12.29*** (2.14) | 3.7*** (0.86) | 339.18*** (88.68) |
| Fast food at home | 297.82*** (43.34) | 80.93*** (26.87) | 98.73*** (20.72) | −11.59 (11.90) | 13.05*** (3.52) | 8.37*** (1.81) | 14.58*** (1.95) | 5.06*** (0.85) | 365.77*** (89.42) |
| Full-service away from home | 273.84*** (53.06) | 142.52*** (36.71) | 131.49*** (32.47) | −60.42*** (22.44) | 10.32** (4.42) | 12.68*** (2.45) | 14.1*** (2.59) | 4.07*** (0.96) | 617.14*** (118.35) |
| Full-service at home | 238.89*** (74.34) | 98.15** (48.55) | 46.50 (39.02) | −12.29 (26.14) | 1.41 (6.93) | 12.71*** (3.47) | 14.62*** (4.15) | 3.26** (1.40) | 584.74*** (149.61) |
Notes: All analyses are weighted using NHANES examination weight. Standard errors are reported in parentheses and are robust.
*
Significant at 10%,
**
significant at 5%,
***
significant at 1%. Control variables include indicators for non-restaurant food away from home consumption, whether the recall was on a week day versus the weekend and whether it was on day 1 versus day 2.
SSB: sugar sweetened beverage.