. 2012 Oct 2;67(6):742–754. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbs082

Table 5.

Associations (Odds Ratios [OR]) Between Number of Children and Weekly Social Contacts at Wave 1 With Help Received From Relatives, Friends, and Children/Relatives or Friends at Wave 2; Older People With an IADL or ADL Limitation at Wave 2

	Men (n = 781)			Women (n = 1,212)
	Relatives^{^a}	Friends	Children/relatives or friends	Relatives^{^a}	Friends	Children/relatives or friends
Age	1.06^{^***}	1.06^{^**}	1.06^{^***}	1.01	1.04^{^**}	1.04^{^***}
No of children (ref = 0)
1	0.37	0.62	1.36	1.35	0.81	2.03^{^**}
2	0.56	0.56	1.41	0.79	0.31^{^***}	1.53
3	0.69	0.59	1.65	1.29	0.23^{^***}	2.54^{^***}
4+	0.76	0.15*	1.66	1.19	0.27^{^***}	3.15^{^***}
Marital status (ref = Married)
Never-married	0.82	3.82^{^*}	1.62	1.81	1.29	1.89
Divorced	0.57	5.45^{^**}	1.20	2.99^{^***}	3.86^{^***}	2.42^{^**}
Widowed	2.08^{^*}	2.02	3.57^{^***}	3.29^{^***}	1.81^{^*}	3.37^{^***}
Wealth quintile (ref = 1, highest)
2	3.54^{^*}	0.66	2.68^{^**}	1.18	0.75	0.93
3	2.58	1.99	2.41^{^*}	1.61	1.46	1.39
4	2.74	0.74	2.01	1.63	1.62	1.64^{^*}
5 (lowest)	4.38^{^*}	0.76	3.40^{^**}	1.69	1.61	2.03^{^**}
Not home owner	1.44	0.85	1.37	1.26	0.83	1.17
Education (ref = No qualification)
A levels +	1.13	1.67	0.78	0.86	2.52^{^**}	0.96
GCSE level	0.77	0.73	0.74	0.79	1.15	0.70^{^*}
Poor general health	1.91^{^*}	2.31^{^*}	1.55^{^*}	1.11	1.20	1.76^{^***}
Long-term illness	1.41	1.52	2.21^{^***}	2.11^{^***}	2.43^{^***}	1.87^{^***}
Weekly contact with relatives	1.42	0.68	1.23	1.93^{^***}	1.05	1.11
Weekly contact with friends	0.97	2.50^{^**}	1.05	0.85	1.29	0.89

Notes. ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living.

^aOther than children.

^* p < .05. ^** p < .01. ^*** p < .001.