Table 3.
Model 1a | Model 1b | Model 1c | Model 1d | Model 2a | Model 2b | Model 2c | Model 2d | Model 3a | Model 3b | Model 3c | Model 3d | |
Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | |
Ages 57–74 | Ages 57–74 | Ages 75–85 | Ages 75–85 | Ages 57–74 | Ages 57–74 | Ages 75–85 | Ages 75–85 | Ages 57–74 | Ages 57–74 | Ages 75–85 | Ages 75–85 | |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
White non-Hispanic (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Black non-Hispanic | 0.353** | 0.407** | 0.170 | 0.018 | 0.308* | 0.322* | 0.193 | −0.006 | 0.210† | 0.356 * | −0.017 | −0.033 |
Hispanic | −0.221 | −0.214 | 0.365 | 0.347 | −0.303† | −0.340* | 0.328 | 0.274 | −0.306† | −0.226 | 0.260 | 0.279 |
Age | 0.000 | −0.017† | −0.044† | 0.043† | −0.004 | −0.021* | −0.044* | 0.045† | 0.009 | −0.007 | −0.043* | 0.053* |
Education | ||||||||||||
Less than high school (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
High school/general education diploma | −0.300* | −0.286* | −0.025 | 0.321 | −0.239† | −0.209 | −0.063 | 0.232 | ||||
Some college/associate's degree | 0.026 | −0.307* | −0.337 | 0.110 | 0.074 | −0.248 | −0.347 | 0.076 | ||||
College degree | −0.351† | −0.219 | −0.214 | −0.041 | −0.311 | −0.111 | −0.196 | −0.031 | ||||
Professional degree | −0.316 | −0.456* | −0.843* | −0.442 | 0.028 | −0.264 | −0.700† | −0.409 | ||||
Income quintile | ||||||||||||
1 (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
2 | 0.144 | 0.209 | 0.295 | −0.168 | 0.048 | 0.134 | 0.265 | −0.146 | ||||
3 | 0.103 | 0.183 | 0.062 | −0.187 | 0.059 | 0.121 | 0.044 | −0.197 | ||||
4 | −0.002 | 0.092 | −0.004 | −0.690 * | 0.024 | 0.063 | −0.028 | −0.581 | ||||
5 | −0.006 | −0.102 | −0.337 | −0.397 | 0.052 | −0.108 | −0.309 | −0.367 | ||||
Body mass index | 0.076*** | 0.048*** | 0.045*** | 0.059*** | ||||||||
Smoking | ||||||||||||
Never (reference) | – | – | – | – | ||||||||
Former | 0.112 | 0.251* | 0.033 | 0.236 | ||||||||
Current | 0.283* | 0.710*** | 0.032 | 0.105 | ||||||||
Exercise | ||||||||||||
Once a week or less (reference) | – | – | – | – | ||||||||
1–2 times/week | –0.148* | 0.049 | −0.334 | 0.097 | ||||||||
3+ times/week | −0.280 | −0.289* | −0.194 | −0.254 | ||||||||
Constant | 1.209 | 1.741* | 3.928* | −3.069 | 1.597* | 2.096** | 3.964* | −2.960 | −1.611† | −0.466 | 2.927† | −5.196* |
N | 597 | 622 | 306 | 232 | 597 | 622 | 306 | 232 | 597 | 622 | 306 | 232 |
F statistic | 2.99*** | 12.55*** | 3.07*** | 2.15** | 2.49*** | 3.82** | 2.76*** | 2.28*** | 4.78*** | 6.14*** | 3.1*** | 3.55*** |
Notes. Sources: Data are from National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP). Significance levels for two-tailed tests of coefficients: †p < .1. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001. All models control for self-reported hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, cardiac arrest, heart surgery, arthritis, chronic pulmonary disease/emphysema, asthma, stroke, and general self-assessed health. They also include controls for the following drugs: cholesterol absorption inhibitor medication, combination antihyperlipidemic medication, estrogens, progestin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatories, steroids, and antidepressants. Weights adjust for differential probabilities of selection and for nonresponse.