Table 3.
Multinomial Logistic Regression Models of the Association between Gambling and Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| Variable | Recreational Gamblers | Problem/Pathological Gamblers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR1 (95% CI) | Wald | p | OR1 (95% CI) | Wald | p | |
| Age, yrs | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 3.62 | .057 | 0.98 (0.94, 1.01) | 2.21 | .137 |
| Gender (ref: female) | 2.00 (1.10, 3.61) | 5.19 | .023 | 1.67 (0.77, 3.63) | 1.69 | .194 |
| Single (ref: not single) | 0.74 (0.42, 1.30) | 1.13 | .289 | 2.04 (0.98, 4.17) | 3.65 | .056 |
| Negative symptoms psychosis (PANSS)2 | 0.58 (0.39, 0.86) | 7.44 | .006 | 0.61 (0.37, 1.02) | 3.60 | .058 |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence (ASI)3 | 1.10 (0.88, 1.37) | 0.64 | .424 | 1.42 (1.10, 1.83) | 7.39 | .007 |
| Depression (CES-D)4 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.38 | .541 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.07) | 4.42 | .035 |
| Any outpatient mental health visit, past mo. (ref: none) | 2.27 (1.00, 5.26) | 3.84 | .050 | 5.56 (1.20, 2.50) | 4.83 | .028 |
| Any emergency mental health visit, past mo. (ref: none) | 2.08 (0.88, 5.00) | 2.78 | .095 | 0.63 (0.19, 2.04) | 0.60 | .438 |
| Threatened to injure other, past yr. (ref: did not threaten) | 0.36 (0.12, 1.11) | 3.14 | .077 | 1.08 (0.38, 3.03) | 0.02 | .894 |
| Time spent w/significant other, past mo. | 1.16 (0.99, 1.16) | 3.38 | .066 | 1.31 (1.07, 1.59) | 6.95 | .008 |
1
Odds Ratio represents the association between variable and gambling group, with non-gamblers as the reference group
2
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
3
Addiction Severity Index
4
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale