Table 1.
Participants' characteristics and whole brain measures
| Control (n = 27) | Turner |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Xm (n = 23) | Xp (n = 17) | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age | 8.17 (2.93) | 7.93 (2.63) | 9.25 (2.61) |
| Growth hormone | — | 20 (87%) | 14 (76%) |
| Cognitive measures | |||
| FSIQabc | 113.63 (8.57) | 97.09 (14.05) | 88.88 (12.46) |
| PRI/PIQabc | 114.19 (11.78) | 97.48 (15.10) | 86.12 (13.16) |
| VCI/VIQab | 113.63 (13.33) | 105.00 (12.13) | 99.76 (14.36) |
| WMIab | 102.16 (10.66) | 86.19 (13.30) | 87.13 (13.55) |
| PSI/PSQab | 108.84 (10.65) | 92.48 (12.82) | 88.11 (13.27) |
| Whole- brain measures | |||
| Total brain volume | 1029.76 (98.29) | 1053.21 (82.02) | 1004.51 (109.81) |
| Total GMV | 593.24 (47.77) | 616.34 (53.08) | 579.56 (44.85) |
| Total WMV | 436.98 (32.65) | 425.98 (36.15) | 429.67 (44.50) |
| Total surface areab | 1716.72 (187.9) | 1734.29 (156.26) | 1616.91 (170.98) |
| Mean cortical thickness | 2.77 (0.12) | 2.79 (0.13) | 2.82 (0.11) |
Xm, X chromosome from maternal origin; Xp, paternal origin. FSIQ, Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient; PRI/PIQ, Performance Intelligence Quotient; VCI/VIQ, Verbal Intelligence Quotient. Significant post hoc difference (p < 0.05) between groups are indicated by letters in superscript:
aControls versus Xm,
bControls versus Xp, and
cXm versus Xp. Pearson χ2 was performed on growth hormone usage (p = 0.339, n.s.). ANCOVAs were used to assess between-group differences in total brain volume (age as covariate), total surface area, and mean cortical thickness (age and total brain volume as covariates). Volumes are expressed in cm3, area in cm2, and thickness in mm. Numbers represent mean values with standard deviation in parentheses.