PBMC were collected from normal dogs, transplanted dogs with or without GVHD and analyzed by flow cytometry for ICOS expression on CD3+ gated cells at time of necropsy for dogs with GVHD (A). Similarly, lymph nodes (B) and splenocytes (C) were collected and evaluated for ICOS expression from dogs also at time of necropsy. Kinetics of ICOS expression was done on CD3+ PBMC in 3 dogs before and at the onset of clinically diagnosed GVHD (significance * = p< 0.05, ** = p<0.01, *** = p<0.005) (D). ICOS expression on CD3+ PBMC isolated from normal dogs, stable mixed chimeric dogs (1–2 Gy TBI, DLA-identical marrow transplantation and postgrafting immunosuppression, CSP at 10 mg/kg BID for 37 days and MMF at 10 mg/kg BID for 28 days) and dogs undergoing graft rejection, HVG (4.5 Gy TBI, DLA-identical marrow transplantation, postgrafting immunosuppression of CSP at 10 mg/kg BID for 37 days and MMF at 10 mg/kg BID for 28 days) (E).