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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2013 Feb 1;60(3):682–690. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2013.2244891

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Dynamic electrochemical measurements in microbioreactors. (a) Core carbon metabolism and agents that affect it. (b) Modified Cytosensor™ sensor head for measuring glucose, lactate, and oxygen concentrations for ~105 cells in a ~3µL chamber [37]. (c) Screen-printed electrode for the same measurements. Adapted from [38]. (d) Demonstration of how dynamic metabolic measurements can discriminate between different biological toxins. Adapted from [39].