TABLE I.

Engineering Challenges for Coupled OoCs

Determining the proper size of each organ

Fluidic control of mL and µL volumes

Analytical chemistry in µL and nL volumes, including comprehensive molecular characterization in real time

Maintaining and controlling coupled organ systems

Vascularizing organs with appropriate surface-to-volume ratios

Developing a universal blood surrogate

Missing organs and the adjustment of blood surrogate

Modeling coupled organ systems

Characterization of organ health and disease

Minimizing organ cost to enable high-content screening