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Induction of heat shock genes upon disulfide (A) and heat (B) stress in the wild type (light gray bars) and ΔrpoH mutant (dark gray bars). The expression of the hslR, hslO, dnaJ, and dnaK genes upon disulfide and heat stress depends on σ32, as shown by quantitative real-time PCR. Disulfide stress induces a gradual increase in expression over time, while heat stress causes a transient upregulation within 5 min of stress treatment.
