Analysis of vraS* (vraSG45R), stp1* (stp1Q12stop), yjbH* (yjbHK23stop), and spx on trfA mRNA levels. Strains harboring each of the three nucleotide changes detected in strain ISP4-2-1 compared to ISP794 (10) were used to determine which mutation(s) conferred enhanced trfA expression in strain ISP4-2-1. Steady-state levels of trfA transcripts were determined by qRT-PCR and normalized to 16S rRNA. Steady-state levels of trfA were also compared between the Δspx mutant and its spx+ restored derivative (Δspx-c), as well as between ISP794 treated with the thiol-specific oxidant diamide and untreated ISP794. The values represent the means and SEM of three independent experiments. *, results significantly different by Student's two-tailed t test (P < 0.05).