Table 1. Dietary intake, anthropometric and laboratory parameters.
|
Vegetarian group (n=37) |
Control group (n=37) |
P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 Weeks | 24 Weeks | Baseline | 12 Weeks | 24 Weeks | ||
| Energy intake (kcal) | 1835 (1623–1906) | 1718 (1563–1872)*** | 1636 (1295–1711) | 1832 (1705–1968) | 1659 (1575–1853)*** | 1694 (1468–1960) | 0.120 |
| Carbohydrates (% of kcal) | 42 (39–44) | 52 (48–54)** | 54 (50–59) | 42 (41–44) | 42 (40–44) | 46 (43–50) | 0.080 |
| Fat (% of kcal) | 38 (36.6–40) | 35 (33–36.4)* | 32 (31–36) | 38 (35–40) | 36 (34–38) | 35 (31–39) | 0.610 |
| Proteins (% of kcal) | 20.6 (19.3–21.5) | 15 (14–16)*** | 16 (15–17) | 18.4 (17.3–19.2) | 19 (18–20) | 18 (16–20) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol intake (mg day–1) | 368 (315–424) | 28 (14–47)*** | 53 (38–86) | 348 (297–405) | 296 (250–350) | 287 (210–376) | <0.001 |
| P/S ratio | 0.69 (0.66–0.71) | 1.39 (1.28–1.53)*** | 1.13 (1.0–1.3) | 0.53 (0.44–0.61) | 0.7 (0.66–0.75)* | 0.62 (0.57–0.68) | 0.01 |
| Saturated fatty acids (g day–1) | 24.9 (22.4–27.7) | 18.0 (15.9–20.4) | 13.9 (11.4–17.0) | 29.3 (26.4–23.6) | 23.4 (21.0–26.0) | 22.7 (18.8–27.4) | 0.37 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (g day–1) | 21.9 (19.5–24.6) | 21.5 (18.9–24.6) | 14.4 (11.8–17.6) | 24.1 (21.4–27.1) | 21.3 (19.0–24.0) | 21.2 (17.3–26.0) | 0.26 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g day–1) | 15.4 (14.0–17.2) | 20.8 (18.1–24.4) | 15.2 (12.8–18.5) | 14.6 (13.2–16.4) | 14.7 (13.3–16.4) | 13.9 (11.8–16.7) | 0.24 |
| Fiber intake (g day–1) | 23 (20–25) | 29 (26–32)*** | 28 (26–30) | 23 (21–26) | 21.5 (20.5–22.3) | 23 (21–25) | 0.030 |
| Weight (kg) | 101.1 (100.5–101.8) | 95.2 (94.5–95.8)*** | 95.2 (94.5–95.9) | 100.8 (100.1–101.5) | 97.5 (96.8–98.3)*** | 98.0 (97.3–98.7) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg m–2) | 35.1 (34.9–35.3) | 33.1 (32.9–33.3)*** | 33.2 (33.0–33.4) | 35.0 (34.7–35.2) | 34.0 (33.8–34.3) | 34.1 (33.9–34.3) | <0.001 |
| Volume of visceral fat (ml) | 4266 (4183–4350) | 3896 (3852–3963)*** | 3811 (3723–3848)* | 4275 (4189–4380) | 4132 (4048–4180)* | 4169 (4078–4260) | 0.007 |
| MCR (ml kg–1 min–1) | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | 2.9 (2.7–3.2)*** | 3.0 (2.8–3.2) | 2.2 (1.9–2.4) | 2.9 (2.7–3.1)*** | 2.7 (2.5–2.9) | 0.04 |
| HbA1c (mmol mol–1, IFCC) | 60.0 (57.8–63.2) | 54.1 (52.5–55.9)*** | 54.5 (52.5–56.6) | 61.0 (59.1.0–62.7) | 56.3 (55.1–57.6)*** | 58.3 (57.0–59.7) | 0.370 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol l–1) | 4.4 (4.28–4.53) | 4.3 (4.17–4.42) | 4.3 (4.18–4.43) | 4.2 (4.07–4.33) | 4.1 (3.96–4.23) | 4.1 (3.97–4.24) | 0.340 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol l–1) | 1.07 (1.00–1.09) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.11 (1.06–1.15)* | 1.09 (1.02–1.12) | 1.11 (1.06–1.15) | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) | 0.070 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol l–1) | 2.54 (2.40–2.68) | 2.22 (2.10–2.38)* | 2.25 (2.12–2.38) | 2.57 (2.41–2.73) | 2.48 (2.33–2.64) | 2.56 (2.41–2.72) | 0.05 |
| Free fatty acids (mmol l–1) | 0.54 (0.44–0.64) | 0.44 (0.36–0.54) | 0.59 (0.48–0.72) | 0.58 (0.48–0.72) | 0.70 (0.56–0.86) | 0.78 (0.65–0.92) | 0.200 |
| Triglycerides (mmol l–1) | 2.12 (1.98–2.25) | 2.03 (1.88–2.17) | 1.91 (1.78–2.04) | 2.10 (1.96–2.24) | 1.95 (1.81–2.08) | 2.05 (1.91–2.18) | 0.560 |
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IFCC, The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MCR, metabolic clearance rate of glucose; P/S ratio, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids.
Data are means±95% confidence intervals. Listed P-values are from ANOVA for interaction between group (vegetarian and control group) and time (0,12 and 24 weeks). Significant changes from baseline to 12 weeks and from 12 to 24 weeks are indicated by * for P<0.05, ** for P<0.01 and *** for P<0.001.