. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Immunol Rev. 2013 Jul;254(1):114–142. doi: 10.1111/imr.12063

Table 1.

Characteristics of immune reconstitution in HIV infection		Available evidence for specific pathogen-related IRD
		TB-IRIS	C-IRIS	HBV-IRD	HCV-IRD
High pathogen load		✓	✓	✓	NA^c
Severe CD4+ T cell depletion before ART		✓	✓	✓	NA^c
Replenishment of CD4+ T- cells	a) Blood	✓	✓	✓	✓
	b) Other compartments	✓^a	✓^a	NA	NA
Restoration of pathogen-specific T cell responses	a) Memory response	✓	✘^b	✘^b	✓
	b) Site-specific action		✓	NA	NA
Increased activity of innate immune system		✓	✓	✓	✓

TB – tuberculosis; C –cryptococcus; HBV – hepatitis B virus; HCV – hepatitis C virus; IRIS – immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; IRD – immune restoration disease. NA – information not available

in CSF

not seen longitudinally in blood;

not demonstrated in two small studies.