Fig 6.

Immunomodulation of LPS-activated moDC undergoing arginine starvation is different between NH₄⁺ and urea. MoDC were prepared as described in the legend to Fig. 4 and stimulated in arginine-free medium supplemented with either 2 mM ammonium chloride or urea. After 24 h, supernatants were collected and cytokine concentrations were determined by ELISA (A). The moDC were harvested, and surface marker proteins were analyzed by flow cytometry (B). Dots represent values from experiments with cells from six (A) or four (B) individual donors and are expressed as percentages of control values obtained with LPS-activated cells with no supplement. *, P < 0.05 (paired [two-tailed] t test); ns, nonsignificant.