The organization of PPC in cases 05-28L (A,B) and 09-09L (C). In case 05-28L, the low numbers of stimulation sites were mostly used to determine the locations of injection sites. However, as in other cases, three complex forelimb movement zones and hindlimb zone were found in the dorsal PPC and aggressive face zone in the ventral PPC (A). In this case, defensive face movements were not evoked. B shows stimulation sites along the upper bank of IPS in case 05-28L, from which some defensive and reaching movements were evoked. One stimulation site represented hindlimb movement superficially and reaching movement deeper in the sulcus, and one stimulation site (black) represented simple ear movement. In case 09-09L (C), numerous cortical sites anterior to IPS were stimulated in search of PPC grasping zone. A small (about 1 mm in diameter) zone where stimulation with 300 μA current threshold evoked grasping movements was found in front of IPS. Stimulation sites medial to the grasping zone evoked defensive forelimb movements, and stimulation of sites lateral to the grasping zone evoked aggressive and defensive face movements. E, ear; FSa, anterior frontal sulcus; FSp, posterior frontal sulcus; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; LS, lateral sulcus; LL, lower lip; M, mouth; tr, trunk. Other conventions as in Figures 2 and 3. Scale bars = 1 mm.