Table 3.
Associations of patient variables with primary outcomes
| Total Days of Opioid Use* | % Discontinuing Treatment Before 90 Days* | % Discontinuing Treatment at Any Time During Study Period* | % With Documented Efficacy & Used Med for ≥1 Year* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Variable | Prob | Prob | Prob | Prob | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Sex | .604 | .328 | .449 | .704 | ||||
| Men | 427 | 19% | 40% | 29% | ||||
| Women | 378 | 32% | 50% | 25% | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Pain type | .635 | .677 | .681 | .827 | ||||
| Back | 419 | 27% | 43% | 26% | ||||
| OA/Other | 385 | 23% | 47% | 28% | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Cognitive impairment | .959 | .166 | .790 | .483 | ||||
| Yes | 400 | 33% | 46% | 31% | ||||
| No | 404 | 19% | 43% | 24% | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Depression diagnosis | .248 | .977 | .137 | .298 | ||||
| Yes | 443 | 25% | 38% | 32% | ||||
| No | 361 | 25% | 52% | 23% | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| One or more basic activity of daily living deficits | .454 | .888 | .886 | .327 | ||||
| Yes | 441 | 26% | 44% | 21% | ||||
| No | 363 | 24% | 46% | 35% | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Three or more instrumental activity of daily living deficits | .099 | .051 | .552 | .466 | ||||
| Yes | 324 | 37% | .489 % | .232% | ||||
| No | 481 | 16% | .409 % | .319% | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Age in years | −.31 | .948 | −.02 | .609 | .02 | .511 | −.01 | .845 |
|
| ||||||||
| Comorbidity (Charlson) | 10.01 | .670 | .10 | .517 | .17 | .192 | −.08 | .563 |
The four outcomes were analyzed in separate models. Total days of opioid use was analyzed in a general linear model that included sex, pain type, cognitive impairment, depression, BADL deficits, and IADL deficits as classification factors and age, comorbidity, and number of days observed as covariates. The models for short-term use, discontinued use, and efficacy were analyzed using logistic-linear models with binomial error that included the same classification factors and covariates.
Adjusted means are reported in column 1 (total days of opioid use); for the remaining columns (short-term use, discontinued use, and efficacy) adjusted percentages are reported. The last two rows of the table show the regression coefficients for the age and comorbidity covariates.
The mean (sd) number of days of opioid use was 384 (428); prevalence rates for the remaining 3 outcomes are % discontinuing treatment before 90 days (24%); % discontinuing treatment at any time during the study period (48%); % with documented efficacy and used medication for at least one year (32%).