Table 5.

Binary probit models predicting odds of labeling a 7- and 18-year-old child^a black, for a black father and a black mother: Brazil, 1982 and 2007

	Panel A				Panel B
	Black Father				Black Mother
	1982	2007	1982	2007	1982	2007	1982	2007
Variable	Model 5.1	Model 5.2	Model 5.3	Model 5.4	Model 5.5	Model 5.6	Model 5.7	Model 5.8
Father’s Educational Level (omitted: no education)
Lower primary (0–4)	0.0174	0.223**			−0.038	0.306**
	(0.039)	(0.088)			(0.048)	(0.089)
Upper primary (5–8)	0.0416	0.260**			−0.209**	0.446**
	(0.059)	(0.090)			(0.068)	(0.091)
Secondary (9–11)	−0.030	0.232*			−0.137	0.430**
	(0.130)	(0.092)			(0.148)	(0.095)
College or higher (12+)	−0.637*	0.434**			−0.389	0.586**
	(0.269)	(0.131)			(0.465)	(0.145)
Mother’s Educational Level (omitted: no education)
Lower primary (0–4)			−0.017	0.202**			−0.230*	0.191*
			(0.038)	(0.089)			(0.046)	(0.090)
Upper primary (5–8)			−0.119	0.210*			−0.260**	0.264**
			(0.146)	(0.089)			(0.079)	(0.090)
Secondary (9–11)			−0.128*	0.169†			−0.133	0.276**
			(0.063)	(0.092)			(0.207)	(0.094)
College or higher (12+)			−0.746*	0.287*			−0.666	0.373**
			(0.307)	(0.093)			(0.451)	(0.129)
Black or Pardo Spouse (omitted: white spouse)	1.714**	1.175**	1.718**	1.162**	1.723**	1.053**	1.739**	1.053**
	(0.061)	(0.057)	(0.061)	(0.057)	(0.067)	(0.056)	(0.067)	(0.056)
Constant	−1.284**	−1.790**	−1.219**	−1.737**	−1.180**	−1.699**	−1.059**	−1.551**
	(0.127)	(0.154)	(0.127)	(0.153)	(0.153)	(0.165)	(0.148)	(0.165)
Pseudo-R2	.1350	.1016	.1349	.1008	.1585	.0886	.1554	.0942
N	8,299	4,792	8,299	4,792	7,197	4,128	7,197	4,128

Notes: All models control for region of residence, father’s age (for models of black fathers), and mother’s age (for models of black mothers); coefficients not shown. Standard errors are in parentheses.

Source: PNADs 1982 and 2007.

^aChildren of the head of the family.

^*p < .05

^**p <.01