Table 1.
Histone modifications and the associated chromatin conformation
| Histone/DNA modification | Enzymes | Position/abbreviation* | Conformation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cytosine methylation |
DNA methyltransferase |
DNMT |
heterochromatic |
[24] |
| histone acetylation |
histone acetyltransferase |
HAT |
euchromatic |
[2] |
| histone deacetylation |
histone deacetylase |
HDAC |
heterochromatic |
[2] |
| histone methylation |
histone methyltransferase |
H3K4 |
euchromatic |
[25] |
| H3K36 |
euchromatic |
|||
| H3K79 |
euchromatic |
|||
| H3R17 |
euchromatic |
|||
| H3K9 |
heterochromatic |
|||
| H3K27 |
heterochromatic |
|||
| H4K20 |
heterochromatic |
|||
| histone demethylation |
histone demethylase |
H3K4i |
heterochromatic |
[26] |
| H3K36i |
heterochromatic |
|||
| H3R2i |
heterochromatic |
|||
| H4R3i |
heterochromatic |
|||
| H3K27i |
euchromatic |
|||
| histone phosphorylation |
mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase (MSK), I kappa B alpha kinase (IKK) |
H3S10 |
euchromatic |
[27] |
| histone de-phosphorylation |
MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) |
H3S10i |
heterochromatic |
[28] |
| ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling | ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex | ATP | hetero- or euchromatic | [29] |
*K Lysine, R Arginine, S serine, H3K4 H3K4 methylation, H3K4i H3K4 demethylation, H3S10 H3S10 phosphorylation, H3S10i H3S10 dephosphorylation.