Table 2.
Factors associated with increased smoking in over-indebted individuals (reference category: decreased or unchanged tobacco consumption)
| Increase in smoking | Model 1c | Model 2cd | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Row percentages |
aOR |
95% CI |
aOR |
95% CI |
| Sex |
p=.018, df=1a |
|
|
|
|
| Male (ref.) |
35.0 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Female |
25.9 |
0.66 |
0.44-0.99 |
0.67 |
0.45-0.99 |
| Age |
p=.393, df=3a |
|
|
|
|
| 18-30 (ref.) |
26.7 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| 31-40 |
35.0 |
1.03 |
0.57-1.84 |
1.00 |
0.56-1.80 |
| 41-50 |
31.7 |
0.80 |
0.45-1.44 |
0.78 |
0.43-1.42 |
| 51+ |
27.2 |
0.63 |
0.30-1.30 |
0.62 |
0.30-1.29 |
| Educational level |
p=.665, df=570b |
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 9 years (ref.) |
30.0 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| > 9 years |
31.8 |
1.08 |
0.73-1.62 |
1.12 |
0.75-1.68 |
| Income |
p=.119, df=570b |
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 1500 € (ref.) |
29.0 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| > 1500 € |
36.2 |
1.34 |
0.84-2.12 |
1.38 |
0.86-2.20 |
| Marital status |
p=.251, df=2a |
|
|
|
|
| Married (ref.) |
32.1 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Unmarried |
26.4 |
0.73 |
0.42-1.26 |
0.78 |
0.45-1.36 |
| Divorced/Separated/Widowed |
33.8 |
1.10 |
0.68-1.77 |
1.14 |
0.70-1.86 |
| Duration of over-indebtedness |
p=.010, df=551b |
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 5 years (ref.) |
26.4 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| 6 to 10 years |
29.0 |
1.05 |
0.65-1.68 |
1.04 |
0.64-1.68 |
| > 10 years |
39.2 |
1.76 |
1.00-2.73 |
1.66 |
1.00-2.76 |
| Social support |
p<.001, df=563b |
|
|
|
|
| High (ref.) |
22.5 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Less than high |
26.6 |
1.21 |
0.71-2.06 |
1.10 |
0.64-1.89 |
| More than low |
36.7 |
1.88 |
1.07-3.30 |
1.51 |
0.83-2.74 |
| Low |
45.6 |
2.78 |
1.45-5.26 |
1.99 |
0.99-3.98 |
| Health awareness |
p<.001, df=566b |
|
|
|
|
| High (ref.) |
22.2 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Medium |
33.2 |
1.59 |
1.03-2.47 |
1.66 |
1.07-2.58 |
| Low |
42.0 |
1.98 |
1.15-3.43 |
2.15 |
1.23-3.76 |
| Changes in social embeddedness since onset of over-indebtedness |
p<.001, df=559b |
|
|
|
|
| No withdrawal (ref.) |
24.1 |
|
|
1 |
|
| Friends or relatives withdrawn |
35.5 |
|
|
1.45 |
0.91-2.31 |
| Friends and relatives withdrawn | 41.7 | 1.82 | 1.06-3.14 | ||
Notes: OI-survey; a chi2 test; b t-test (Spearman correlation); c multivariate binary logistic regression (n=572); d changes in social embeddedness following onset of over-indebtedness was additionally included in the analysis.