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. 2013 Apr 18;13:360. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-360

Table 2.

Summary of pooled relative risks of different health outcomes due to air pollution

 
 PM10
  
 NO2
  
 SO2
  
 O3
  
Health outcome [Ref. #] RR SE RR SE RR SE RR SE
Mortality
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
All causes[25-40]
 1.0031R*
 5
 1.0140R*
 17
 1.0071R*
 9
 1.0042F*
 6
Cardiovascular diseases[25-37,39,41]
 1.0049R*
 7
 1.0162R*
 22
 1.0072R*
 17
 1.0051R*
 13
Respiratory diseases[25-27,30-33,35,37,39,40,42,43]
 1.0057R*
 9
 1.0220R*
 33
 1.0129R*
 36
 1.0048F*
 14
Cardiopulmonary diseases[34,39,43]
 1.0034F*
 6
 1.0155R*
 54
 1.0123F*
 15
 1.0023F
 15
Cardiac diseases[30,31,34,39]
 1.0062R*
 15
 1.0177F*
 23
 1.0182R*
 41
 1.0026R
 31
Cerebrovascular diseases[30,31,34,36,39]
 1.0057R*
 18
 1.0147R*
 39
 1.0079F*
 26
 1.0057R*
 29
Ischemia heart diseases[36,44]
 0.9963
 52
 1.0130R
 118
 1.0280*
 82
  
  
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases[28-31,45]
 1.0065R
 41
 1.0184R*
 58
 1.0095R*
 43
 1.0071R
 39
Influenza and pneumonia[31,34]
 1.0105F*
 33
 1.0175F*
 49
 1.0235F*
 70
 1.0054F
 45
Non-cardiopulmonary[31,34,39]
 1.0028F*
 6
 1.0094R*
 19
 1.0076F*
 16
 1.0025F*
 10
Cancer[28,29,43]
 1.0031*
 15
  
  
 1.0020R
 14
  
  
Diabetes[46]
 1.0060
 31
 1.0130
 66
 1.0110
 320
  
  
Accidental[31,34]
 1.0015F
 22
 1.0000F
 46
 0.9988F
 56
 1.0005R
 59
Hospital admissions
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
All causes[47]
 0.9972
 17
 1.0014
 49
 1.0003
 34
  
  
Cardiovascular diseases[31,47]
 1.0021R*
 10
 1.0095F*
 21
 1.0079R*
 43
 1.0024
 11
Respiratory diseases[31,47]
 1.0039R
 22
 1.0060R*
 24
 1.0014F
 15
 1.0081*
 12
Cardiac diseases[31]
 1.0058*
 11
 1.0100*
 13
 1.0098*
 21
 1.0012
 13
Cerebrovascular diseases[31,48]
 0.9981R
 40
 1.0032F
 21
 0.9986F
 31
 0.9994F
 19
Ischemia heart diseases[31,48]
 1.0065F*
 20
 1.0142R
 74
 1.0102F*
 36
 1.0024F
 21
Asthma[31]
 1.0077F*
 24
 1.0094F*
 31
 0.9992F
 47
 1.0162F*
 30
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases[31]
 1.0132*
 17
 1.0194*
 20
 1.0070*
 31
 1.0154*
 19
Influenza and pneumonia[31]
 1.0066*
 20
 1.0076*
 24
 1.0009
 38
 1.0109*
 23
Pneumonia[48]
 1.0006
 47
 1.0071
 84
 1.0062
 146
 1.0081
 81
Acute respiratory diseases[31]
 1.0088*
 20
 1.0122*
 25
 1.0055
 38
 1.0155*
 22
Emergency admissions
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Cardiovascular diseases[49]
 1.0060*
 26
 1.0130*
 36
 1.0160*
 51
  
  
Respiratory diseases[49]
  
  
  
  
 1.0130*
 41
  
  
Ischemia heart diseases[49,50]
 1.0070
 41
 1.0100
 51
 1.0100
 77
  
  
Cerebrovascular diseases[49]
 1.0030
 36
 1.0080
 51
  
  
 0.9920
 46
Cardiac diseases[50]
 1.0050*
 20
 1.0120*
 26
 1.0160*
 31
 1.0045*
 21
Heart failure[49]
  
  
  
  
 1.0360*
 117
  
  
Asthma[51]
 1.0060*
 20
 1.0090*
 26
 1.0040
 36
 1.0150*
 20
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases[51]
 1.0050*
 10
 1.0090*
 20
 1.0070
 36
 1.0110*
 15
Emergency room visit
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
All causes[52]
 1.0002
 5
 1.0070*
 14
 1.0023
 10
  
  
Cardiovascular diseases[53,54]
 1.0030
 15
 1.0140
 71
 1.0140*
 51
  
  
Respiratory diseases[55,56]
 1.0011
 23
 1.0050
 38
 1.0010
 20
  
  
Ischemia heart diseases[53]
 1.0010
 46
  
  
  
  
  
  
Cerebrovascular diseases[50]
 1.0010
 31
  
  
  
  
  
  
Heart failure[50]
 1.0120
 97
  
  
  
  
  
  
Cardiac arrhythmias[50]
 1.0020
 51
  
  
  
  
  
  
Hypertension[57,58]
 1.0188
 69
 1.0689
 286
 1.0370*
 173
  
  
Acute upper respiratory infections[55]
 1.0130*
 20
 1.0320*
 77
 1.0180*
 46
  
  
Acute pharyngitis[55]
 1.0120*
 46
 1.0300
 168
 1.0170
 102
  
  
Adverse birth outcomes
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Stillbirth[59]
 1.0200
 153
 1.0053
 163
 1.0076
 39
 1.0051
 130
Preterm birth[60]
 1.0442*
 144
 1.0543*
 186
 1.1189*
 265
 1.0463*
 218
Low birth weight – 3rd trimester[61]
  
  
  
  
 1.0110*
 26
  
  
Low birth weight – entire pregnancy[62]         1.0087 46    

Note. RR, with Bold represents pooled relative risk per 10 μg/m3 increase in pollutant concentration, RR not Bold was the RR of single study. SE, Standard error in 10-4. R represented random effects. F represented fixed effects. * indicated statistically significant at alpha = 0.05. 95% Cl = 1.96*SE ± RR.