Table 1.

Comparison of LR defect penetrance when constructs are expressed throughout the embryo, compared to the penetrance when targeted only to the node.

Treatment/mutant	Animal Model	Effect when applied throughout embryo	Effect when directed to node only	Chi Square value, p- value	Reference
cnpy1 knockdown	zebrafish	51% with laterality problems 70% with incorrect spaw expression	41% with laterality problems 42% with incorrect spaw expression	2.3, p>0.05 12.9, p<0.001	(Matsui et al., 2011)
Rock2b knockdown	zebrafish	68% with incorrect spaw expression	37% with incorrect spaw expression	31.7, p<0.001	(Wang et al., 2011)
Sox17 knockdown	zebrafish	58% with incorrect spaw expression 50% with incorrect lefty expression	44% with incorrect spaw expression 30% with incorrect lefty expression	1.7, p>0.05 4.7, p<0.05	(Aamar and Dawid, 2010)
dnah9 knockdown	Xenopus	55% with incorrect pitx2 expression	37% with incorrect pitx2 expression	5.7, p<0.05	(Vick et al., 2009)
dnah5 knockdown	Xenopus	75% with incorrect pitx2 expression	63% with incorrect pitx2 expression	1.3, p>0.05	(Vick et al., 2009)
Tbx16 knockdown	zebrafish	36% with laterality problems 67% with incorrect spaw expression	38% with laterality problems 72% with incorrect spaw expression	sample sizes not provided 0.6, p>0.05	(Amack et al., 2007)
polaris knockdown	zebrafish	41% with laterality problems 56% with incorrect lefty expression	17% with laterality problems 23% with incorrect lefty expression	15.5, p<0.001 20.7, p<0.001	(Bisgrove et al., 2005)
pkd2 knockdown	zebrafish	51% with laterality problems 36% with incorrect lefty expression	22% with laterality problems 35% with incorrect lefty expression	21.6, p<0.001 0.0, p>0.05	(Bisgrove et al., 2005)
ntl knockdown	zebrafish	100% with incorrect lefty expression	52% with incorrect lefty expression	189.0, p<0.001	(Amack and Yost, 2004)