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. 2013 Jun 11;23(7):898–914. doi: 10.1038/cr.2013.75

Figure 1.

Figure 1

BHA blocks M2 but not M1 macrophage differentiation. (A) Monocytes were either left untreated or treated with BHA (100 μM) for 1 h before GM-CSF or M-CSF treatment for 6 days. On day 6, GM-CSF-treated cells were treated with LPS (100 ng/ml) and IFNγ (20 ng/ml) for 24 h. M-CSF-treated cells were treated with IL-4 (25 ng/ml) for 24 h. Representative light microscopy images are shown. (B, C) Flow cytometry analysis of the M1 marker CD86 (B) and M2 marker CD163 (C) with anti-CD86 and anti-CD163 antibodies, respectively, in cells as treated in A. Gray histogram represents unstained cells. (D, E) Detection of M1 cytokines (TNFα, IL-12, IL-6) and chemokine (CXCL11) (D), and M2 cytokine (IL-10) and chemokines (CCL17, CCL18, CCL24) (E) by real-time PCR in cells as treated in A. G, GM-CSF; M, M-CSF. Error Bars: ± SEM, data from at least three independent experiments. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.