Table II.
Common Behavioral Responses Measured in Playback Studies
| Response | Description | Referencesa |
|---|---|---|
| Looks | ||
| Occurrence | Absence or presence of visual orientation towards loudspeaker | Cheney and Seyfarth [1980] |
| Duration | Duration of visual orientation towards loudspeaker | Bergman et al. [2003] |
| Duration of first look | Pfefferle et al. [2008b] | |
| Bouts | Frequency of subsequent bouts of visually orienting towards speaker | Crockford et al. [2007] |
| Vocalizations | ||
| Occurrence | Whether or not certain calls occur | Zuberbühler [2000b] |
| Frequency | Frequency of calls of a given type | Bshary [2001] |
| Movements | ||
| Occurrence | Whether or not subjects: move (e.g., at least one step) | Pfefferle et al. [2008b] |
| Direction | Approach loudspeakers | Crockford et al. [2007] |
| Move away from playback area | Engh et al. [2006] | |
| Move to a specific substrate (e.g., run into trees, into cover) | Cheney and Seyfarth [1980] | |
| Compass direction of movement from onset to offset | Bshary and Noe [1997] | |
| Duration | Time spent traveling | Bshary and Noe [1997] |
| Distance | Distance traveled between onset and end of movement | Bshary and Noe [1997] |
| Latency | Time between onset of playback call and onset of movement | Kitchen et al. [2003a] |
| Social interactions | ||
| Occurrence | Whether or not certain social interactions occur | Cheney and Seyfarth [1997] |
| Initiator | Whether or not subjects initiated social interaction | Cheney and Seyfarth [1997] |
| Nature | Types of social interaction occurring after playback stimuli | Cheney and Seyfarth [1999] |
| Other behaviors | ||
| Occurrence | Whether or not specific other behaviors occurred (e.g., bipedal standing) | Seyfarth et al. [1980a] |
| Latency | Time between playback stimuli and first occurrence of specific other behavior (e.g., tolerance of the opponent's proximity) | Wittig et al. [2007b] |
| General response | ||
| Latency | Time between onset of playback call and onset of response | Fischer [2004] |
| Duration | Compound measure of several responses, for example time spent looking plus time spent traveling to loudspeakers | Fischer [2004] |
a
Although some responses are used in many studies, only a single reference is given.