TABLE 2—

Published Effect Sizes on Comparable Measures and at Comparable Child Ages for Legacy for Children and Similar Programs and Models

Program or Model	Target Population	Child Outcome	Effect Sizea
Legacy Miamib	Low-income mothers, recruited shortly after childbirth	Behavior problems (age 5 y)	0.32
Legacy Miamib	Low-income mothers, recruited shortly after childbirth	Socioemotional competence (age 5 y)	0.00
Legacy Los Angelesb	Low-income mothers, recruited while pregnant	Behavior problems (age 5 y)	0.26
Legacy Los Angelesb	Low-income mothers, recruited while pregnant	Socioemotional competence (age 5 y)	0.49
Early Head Start69	Low-income pregnant women and families with infants and toddlers up to age 3 y	Aggressive behavior (age 3 y)	0.11
Infant Health & Development Program46	Low birthweight, premature infants	Problem behaviors (age 5 y)	0.06
Home visiting (meta-analysis)70	Families with young children, mostly ages birth to 3 y	Socioemotional outcomes	Mean ES = 0.10
Family support programs (meta-analysis)71	Families with children between birth and age 12 y	Socioemotional outcomes	Mean ES = 0.22
Early educational programs (meta-analysis)72	Children aged 3–5 y	Socioemotional outcomes	Mean ES = 0.16
Behavioral parent training (meta-analysis)73	Parents of children aged 0–7 y	Social skills	Mean ES = 0.13
Behavioral parent training (meta-analysis)73	Parents of children aged 0–7 y	Externalizing behaviors	Mean ES = 0.25

Note. ES = effect size.

^aFor presentation simplicity, all effect sizes are presented with larger positive values indicating larger positive program effects.

^bEffect size, analogous to the Cohen d,⁶⁶ calculated using Chinn’s simple method for converting odds ratios.⁶⁷