Table 6.
Interpapillary and Papillary to Annular Distance Throughout the Cardiac Cycle Among Normal Subjects, Patients With Low EF and No MR and Patients With Functional MR
| Measurement | Early‐Diastole | Middle‐Diastole | Late‐Diastole | Early‐Systole | Middle‐Systole | Late‐Systole | Within‐Subjects | Between‐Subjects | Time×Group Interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM area, cm2 | |||||||||
| Normal controls | 2.7±0.9 | 3.3±0.9* | 3.4±1.2 | 3.5±1.2 | 2.7±1.6* | 2.5±1.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.1 |
| LVD‐noFMR | 4.9±1.5 | 4.9±1.3 | 4.7±1.3 | 5.2±1.0 | 4.7±1.1* | 4.9±1.5 | |||
| LVD‐FMR | 5.5±1.8 | 5.2±1.9 | 5.5±1.7 | 5.9±1.9 | 5.3±1.5 | 5.1±1.6 | |||
| PMP‐AA length, mm | |||||||||
| Normal controls | 37.6±6.6 | 39.8±5.6 | 38.5±6.1 | 40.0±6.5 | 37.9±6.9§ | 36.9±6.3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001* ! |
| LVD‐noFMR | 49.8±7.6* | 47.7±6.2 | 46.8±6.7 | 45.6±7.2 | 45.5±5.9 | 42.9±5.9 | |||
| LVD‐FMR | 50.8±6.6 | 50.4±6.5 | 50.4±7.1 | 50.0±6.0 | 51.3±6.8 | 50.4±6.5 | |||
| ALP‐AA length, mm | |||||||||
| Normal controls | 35.0±6.2 | 37.9±6.1 | 35.8±6.0 | 38.3±7.9 | 35.6±7.7* | 34.6±6.3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.06 |
| LVD‐noFMR | 42.9±6.6 | 43.9±6.7 | 43.0±6.5 | 42.4±6.9 | 42.8±5.6 | 40.8±5. | |||
| LVD‐FMR | 44.4±6.6 | 44.2±7.7 | 45.1±6.3 | 46.0±6.6 | 45.1±6.5 | 45.3±5.9 | |||
| Inter PAP width, mm | |||||||||
| Normal controls | 16.0±4.8 | 18.4±4.1 | 19.2±5.2 | 19.1±4.7 | 15.4±5.8* | 14.7±5.7 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.05*! |
| LVD‐noFMR | 24.2±5.3 | 23.0±4.7 | 22.9±5.5 | 24.5±4.3 | 23.2±4.8 | 22.9±5.6 | |||
| LVD‐FMR | 25.4±6.1 | 25.0±6.6 | 25.3±6.3 | 26.9±6.3 | 24.5±5.5 | 23.9±5.6 | |||
| Inter PAP angle, ° | |||||||||
| Normal controls | 24.6±8.2 | 27.3±6.8 | 29.3±8.2 | 27.6±7.6 | 23.4±7.6* | 23.2±9.7 | <0.0001 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| LVD‐noFMR | 27.5±7.6 | 28.1±7.1 | 28.3±8.2 | 30.6±8.3 | 27.0±6.7 | 26.0±7.0 | |||
| LVD‐FMR | 29.0±8.0 | 28.4±9.0 | 29.2±7.6 | 31.0±7.6 | 27.8±6.5 | 26.8±7.8 | |||
| PPM/APM‐AA ratio | |||||||||
| Normal controls | 1.08±0.15 | 1.07±0.13 | 1.07±0.10 | 1.06±0.14 | 1.07±0.13 | 1.07±0.10 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01* |
| LVD‐noFMR | 1.17±0.2 | 1.06±0.07 | 1.05±0.06 | 1.09±0.14 | 1.06±0.07 | 1.05±0.06 | |||
| LVD‐FMR | 1.16±0.17 | 1.14±0.17 | 1.12±0.18 | 1.10±0.16 | 1.15±0.17§ | 1.12±0.18 | |||
LVD‐noMR indicates left ventricle dysfunction without functional mitral regurgitation; LVD‐FMR, left ventricle dysfunction and functional mitral regurgitation; EF, ejection fraction; PMP, postero‐medial papillary; ALP, antero‐lateral papillary; PPM, posterior papillary muscle; APM, anterior papillary muscle; AA, anterior annulus.
*
LVD‐FMR vs normal.
†
LVD‐FMR vs LVD‐noFMR.
‡
LVD‐noFMR vs normal.
§
P<0.005 within‐subject effect over time.
║
P<0.001 within‐subject effect over time.