Table 3.
Individual Effects of the Antihypertensive Drug Classes on the Risk for Diabetes in Patients With at Least 2 Tests Indicating Diagnosis of Diabetes
| Drug Use | Cases (n=6258) | Controls (n=62 216) | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted* | |||
| Individual | ||||
| None* | 49.4 | 59.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| TD | 22.1 | 14.0 | 1.73 (1.63 to 1.85) | 1.64 (1.47 to 1.83) |
| BB | 28.9 | 23.0 | 1.36 (1.28 to 1.44) | 1.26 (1.15 to 1.37) |
| CCB | 7.8 | 7.7 | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.13) | 1.02 (0.85 to 1.21) |
| RASB | 22.9 | 20.5 | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.22) | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.16) |
| Combination | Adjusted Interaction Term** | Adjusted Effect for Class Combination | ||
| No combination* | 76.5 | 81.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| TD+BB | 10.2 | 5.7 | 1.02 (0.88 to 1.17) | 2.10 (1.86 to 2.37) |
| TD+CCB | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.21) | 1.62 (1.31 to 2.01) |
| TD+RASB | 8.5 | 6.5 | 0.66 (0.57 to 0.76) | 1.13 (0.99 to 1.28) |
| BB+CCB | 3.4 | 3.7 | 0.81 (0.65 to 0.99) | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.27) |
| BB+RASB | 9.8 | 8.9 | 0.80 (0.69 to 0.92) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.18) |
| RASB+CCB | 3.4 | 3.7 | 0.93 (0.75 to 1.14) | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.21) |
Values are percentage unless otherwise indicated. TD indicates thiazide diuretics; BB, beta‐blockers; CCB, calcium channel blockers; RASB, renin–angiotensin system blockers; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; CV, cardiovascular.
Adjusted for potential confounders including gender, baseline age and FPG, as well as smoking status, lipid levels, including HDL, LDL, and triglycerides, systolic and diastolic BP, BMI, glucose altering drug use (corticosteroids, antidepressants, antipsychotics and statins) and CV disease.
Patients who were exposed to none of the drug classes; these patients constituted the reference group for the individual drug analysis.
Estimated excess or reduced risk of exposure to the combination of the 2 drug classes beyond the risk associated with exposure to each drug class individually (the risks of the individual drug classes appear in the top half of the table).
Patients who were exposed to none of the drug combinations; these patients constituted the reference group for the combination drug analysis.