Table 1.
Prospective Association of Plasma Phospholipid EPA, DPA and DHA with Total Mortality among 2,692 US Adults.
| Quintiles of Phospholipid Fatty Acids | P for Trend |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | II | III | IV | V | ||
| EPA | ||||||
| % of total FA, median | 0.30 | 0.41 | 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.92 | |
| Deaths (person-years) | 371 (5,779) | 354 (5,884) | 314 (6,307) | 290 (6,478) | 296 (6,381) | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||||||
| Age- and sex-adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 0.83 (0.71–0.96) | 0.76 (0.65–0.88) | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate * | 1.00 (reference) | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 0.87 (0.74–1.01) | 0.78 (0.67–0.92) | 0.80 (0.68–0.95) | 0.001 |
| Multivariate+diet adjusted † | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 0.88 (0.75–1.02) | 0.80 (0.68–0.94) | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) | 0.005 |
| DPA | ||||||
| % of total FA, median | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 1.04 | |
| Deaths (person-years) | 353 (5,963) | 307 (6,209) | 330 (6,262) | 332 (6,083) | 303 (6,312) | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||||||
| Age- and sex-adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 0.78 (0.67–0.91) | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) | 0.83 (0.71–0.96) | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) | 0.002 |
| Multivariate * | 1.00 (reference) | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) | 0.82 (0.71–0.96) | 0.82 (0.71–0.96) | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) | 0.004 |
| Multivariate+diet adjusted † | 1.00 (reference) | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) | 0.82 (0.71–0.96) | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) | 0.008 |
| DHA | ||||||
| % of total FA, median | 1.95 | 2.44 | 2.87 | 3.36 | 4.34 | |
| Deaths (person-years) | 349 (5,999) | 326 (6,095) | 343 (6,168) | 317 (6,179) | 290 (6,389) | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||||||
| Age- and sex-adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 (0.81–1.10) | 0.92 (0.80–1.07) | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 0.76 (0.65–0.88) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate * | 1.00 (reference) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 0.95 (0.81–1.10) | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate+diet adjusted † | 1.00 (reference) | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) | 0.96 (0.82–1.11) | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) | 0.80 (0.67–0.94) | 0.006 |
| Total n3-PUFA | ||||||
| % of total FA, median | 3.17 | 3.72 | 4.21 | 4.80 | 6.04 | |
| Deaths (person-years) | 347 (5,879) | 343 (6,158) | 340 (6,077) | 309 (6,242) | 286 (6,473) | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||||||
| Age- and sex-adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | 0.83 (0.72–0.97) | 0.69 (0.59–0.81) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate * | 1.00 (reference) | 0.90 (0.78–1.05) | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.85 (0.72–0.99) | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate+diet adjusted † | 1.00 (reference) | 0.91 (0.78–1.05) | 0.94 (0.80–1.09) | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.73 (0.61–0.86) | <0.001 |
Adjusted for age (years), sex, race (white, nonwhite), education(<high school, high school, some college, college graduate), enrollment site (4 sites), fatty acid measurement batch (1994–96, 2007–10), smoking (never, former, current), prevalent diabetes (yes, no), prevalent atrial fibrillation (yes, no), prevalent drug-treated hypertension (yes, no), leisure-time physical activity (mcal/week), body mass index (kg/m2), waist circumference (cm), and alcohol use (6 categories).
Further adjusted for dietary factors including consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish (servings/week), fried fish (servings/week), red meat (servings/week), fruits (servings/day), vegetables (servings/day), and dietary fiber (g/day).
EPA=eicosapentaenoic acid. DPA=docosapentaenoic acid. DHA=docosahexaenoic acid. PUFA=polyunsaturated fatty acids.