Table 4. Average out-of-plane rotations from L1 to L5 derived using the MARM and POR methods.

Type of spine	Coupled out-of-plane rotations (degrees)
	MARM			POR
	AR	LB	Summation (AR + LB)	AR	LB	Summation (AR + LB)
Healthy	2.5 ± 1.1	2.9 ± 0.9	5.5 ± 1.9	3.9 ± 1.9	4.9 ± 1.4	8.8 ± 2.9
Low back pain	10.6 ± 2.3	10.6 ± 3.2	21.2 ± 4.8	15.6 ± 4.0	16.1 ± 5.3	31.6 ± 8.2
Degenerative	12.2 ± 5.1	12.6 ± 2.4	24.7 ± 6.7	19.2 ± 7.0	18.3 ± 3.7	37.5 ± 8.6

Abbreviations: AR, axial rotation; LB, lateral bending; MARM, maximum absolute rotational magnitude; POR, path of rotation.