Table 2.
Summary of scale characteristics and psychometric properties
| Instrument | Relevant subscales, items (n) | Patient input | Reliability | Scale analyses | Convergent/discriminant validity | Known-group/concurrent validity | Sensitive to change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes measures | |||||||
| Barriers to Adherence Questionnaire56,92 | Diet (4), insulin injection (3), exercise (3), glucose testing (5), total (15) | √ | X | NR | NR | √ | NR |
| Barriers to Diabetes Adherence26 | Stress/burnout (4), time pressure/planning (5), stigma (6) | √ | √ | √ | NR | √ | NR |
| Barriers in Diabetes Questionnaire49 | Self-control and advice from providers (9), injecting, monitoring and overall self-regulation (10), self-regulation in specific situations (9), total (28) | X | √ | √ | NR | √ | NR |
| Blood Glucose Monitoring System Rating Questionnaire58,93 | Convenience (NR), interference (NR), blood glucose burden (NR) | X | √ | NR | NR | √ | X |
| Continuous Glucose Monitoring Satisfaction Scale61,62,78 | Hassles (20) | X | √ | √ | NR | √ | NR |
| Diabetes-3967,94 | Diabetes control (12) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | NR |
| Diabetes Distress Scale28,73,84,95 | Emotional burden (5), regimen-related distress (5) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| DDS-2, DDS-3, and DDS-427 | Totals for scales (2-items, 3-items, and 4-items, respectively) | √ | √ | NR | √ | √ | NR |
| Diabetes Family Adherence Measure39 | Coercion (7) | X | √ | √ | √ | √ | NR |
| Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist40,96 | Nonsupportive behaviors (7) | √ | X | NR | √ | √ | √ |
| Diabetes Family Conflict Scale-Revised41,86,97–100 | Direct management (9), indirect management (10), total (19) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Diabetes Family Support and Conflict Scale42 | Family conflict (4) | √ | √ | √ | NR | √ | NR |
| Diabetes Fear of Injecting and Self-testing Questionnaire30,79,91 | Self-injecting fear (15), self-testing fear (15), total (30)a | X | √ | √ | √ | √ | NR |
| Diabetes Health Profile37,82,101,102 | Barriers to activity (NR) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Diabetes Medication Satisfaction Measure46,81,90,103 | Burden (11), symptoms (5) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Diabetes Medication Treatment Satisfaction Tool47 | Lifestyle (5), convenience (3), well-being (3) | √ | √ | √ | NR | √ | NR |
| Diabetes-specific Quality of Life Scale48,75,80 | Diet restrictions (9), daily hassles (6) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Diabetes Responsibility and Conflict Scale43 | Conflict (NR) | X | NR | NR | NR | X | NR |
| Diabetes Self-Care Barriers Assessment for Older Adults60,104 | Glucose monitoring barriers (4), diet regimen barriers (4), exercise barriers (4), total (12) | √ | √ | √ | NR | √ | NR |
| Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale59,105 | Ulcer care (4), financial (2) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | X |
| DISABKIDS Diabetes module24,106 | Impact/acceptance (6), treatment (4) | √ | √ | √ | NR | √ | NR |
| General Barriers to Diabetes Self-Management57,107 | Diet (7), exercise (7), glucose testing (7), medication taking (7), general barriers (4), total (31) | √ | √ | NR | NR | √ | NR |
| Dietary Barriers57,107 | At home (7), food purchase (8), away from home (5), total (27) | √ | √ | NR | NR | √ | NR |
| Glucose Monitoring Survey62 | Glucose control (7), social complications (6), total (22) (note, 9 items do not load on either subscale) | X | √ | √ | √ | √ | NR |
| Insulin Delivery System Rating Questionnaire50,58,93 | Convenience (NR), interference (NR), blood glucose burden (NR)b | √ | √ | NR | NR | √ | √ |
| Insulin Pen Questionnaire51 | Convenience (7), facilitation of self-care (6), cost (1) | √ | √ | NR | NR | √ | NR |
| Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale31 | Negative appraisal (16) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | NR |
| Insulin Treatment Questionnaire45 | Insulin therapy perception (12) | X | √ | √ | X | X | √ |
| Insulin Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire52,108–111 | Inconvenience of regimen (5) lifestyle flexibility (3), delivery device satisfaction (6)c | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | X |
| Measure of Invasiveness as a Reason for Skipping Self-Monitoring of Glucose63 | Total (7) | X | √ | NR | √ | √ | NR |
| Multidimensional Diabetes Questionnaire44 | Misguided support behaviors (4) | √ | √ | √ | NR | √ | NR |
| Multidimensional Diabetes Self-Management Checklist53 | Burden of diet self-management (3), burden of injecting insulin (3), burden of glucose monitoring (3), burden of adjusting insulin dose (3) | X | √ | NR | NR | √ | NR |
| Patient Satisfaction with Insulin Therapy54,74 | Convenience/ease (10), social comfort (5), global satisfaction (15) | √ | √ | √ | NR | √ | √ |
| Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.0 Diabetes module25,112,113 | Treatment barriers (4), treatment adherence (7) | √ | X | NR | √ | √ | NR |
| Perceived Burden of Diabetes Treatment18 | Single item on perceived burden of treatment | X | NR | NA | NR | √ | NR |
| Perceived Difficulties in Diabetes Self-Care22 | Individual items assessing difficulties in insulin treatment (2), glucose monitoring (1), diet (3), exercise (1), smoking (1), daily self-care (1), and self-care during certain occasions (4) | √ | NR | NR | NR | √ | NR |
| Perceptions About Medications for Diabetes29 | Schedule flexibility (3), portability convenience (2), regimen inconvenience (5), difficulty remembering medications (2), gastrointestinal side effects (3), weight/edema side effects (3), emotional (10) | √ | √ | √ | NR | √ | NR |
| Perceptions of Insulin Shots and Fingersticks23 | Injection pain (1), injection fear (1), fingerstick pain (1), fingerstick fear (1) | X | NR | NR | NR | √ | X |
| Personal Diabetes Questionnaire38 | Diet barriers (7), medication barriers (8), monitoring barriers (8), exercise barriers (7) | √ | √ | NR | NR | √ | NR |
| Practicality/comfort of treatment19 | Single item on practicality and comfort of treatment | X | NR | NA | NR | NR | NR |
| Problem Areas in Diabetes32,77,83,114 | Treatment-related (3) and food-related problems (3) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Survey of Treatment Burdens in Diabetes2,21 | Individual items assessing burden of: oral agents (1), insulin (4), oral + insulin therapy (1), self-monitoring of blood glucose (3), diet (2), pain (1), and interference with activities (1) | X | NR | NR | NR | √ | NR |
| Treatment-Related Impact Measure – Diabetes6 | Treatment burden (6), daily life (5), psychological health (8) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | NR |
| TRIM-Diabetes Device6 | Device function (5), bother (3), total (8) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | NR |
| Treatment Satisfaction Measure for People with Insulin-dependent Diabetes64 | Perceived compatibility with lifestyle (PCL) (3) | √ | NR | √ | NR | √ | NR |
| Kidney disease measures | |||||||
| Health Beliefs About Fluid Adherence33 | Barriers to fluid adherence (7) | X | √ | NR | NR | √ | NR |
| Hemodialysis Stressor Scale34,35,85,115 | Physiological, psychosocial, totald | X | √ | √ | NR | X | √ |
| Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Stressor Scale35 | X | √ | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| Renal Adherence Attitudes Questionnaire65 | Attitude towards social restrictions (8), acceptance/lifestyle impact (11) | √ | √ | √ | NR | NR | NR |
| Satisfaction with Care Questionnaire68 | Financial/transportation (7) | √ | √ | NR | √ | NR | NR |
| Treatment Effects Questionnaire16,36,76 | Total (20) | X | √ | NR | √ | √ | NR |
| Heart failure measures | |||||||
| Beliefs about Medicine Compliance Scale55,116 | Medication barriers (6) | √ | √ | √ | NR | NR | NR |
| Beliefs about Diet Compliance Scale55,116,117 | Diet barriers (5) | √ | √ | √ | NR | X | NR |
| Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire66,118 | Perceived behavioral control (7)e | √ | √ | √ | NR | NR | NR |
| Perceived Difficulty Affording Health Care20,72 | Single item on economic burden of medical costs | X | NR | NA | NR | √ | NR |
Notes:
a
Mollema et al30 added 4 items to fear of injecting and 4 items to fear of testing subscales;
b
modified from original scoring50 which scored two subscales, ie, treatment satisfaction (15 items) and treatment interference with activities (11 items);
c
Bode et al108 used a modified scoring procedure for all subscales;
d
number of items in the subscales and the overall scale fluctuate across studies. A third subscale (“dependency/restriction”) was identified by Murphy et al;115
e
original scoring118 recorded only response frequencies of individual items.
Abbreviations: √, satisfactory; X, unsatisfactory or incomplete; NR, not reported; NA, not applicable.