Figure 1.

Proposed roles of cytoplasmic/secretory clusterin in tumor progression.²³

Notes: Reprinted from Clinical Cancer Research 2010, volume 16, pages 1088–1093. Zoubeidi A, Chi K, Gleave M, Targeting the cytoprotective chaperone, clusterin, for treatment of advanced cancer, with permission from AACR.²³ Adapted to show potential interaction between TGF-β, Twist1, and clusterin (dashed lines) based on Shiota et al.³⁶

Abbreviations: Cyt C, cytochrome C; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; HSF, heat-shock factor; IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; Jak, janus kinase; sCLU, secretory clusterin; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; Ub, ubiquitin; UPR, unfolded protein response; XRT, radiation.