Table 3.

Exposure to proton pump inhibitors and risk of hospitalisation for pneumonia; self- controlled case-series adjusted analysis

Risk periods	Number of hospitalizations for pneumonia	Person-years	Adjusted* rate ratios (95% CI)	Adjusted** rate ratios (95% CI)
Baseline unexposed to a proton pump inhibitor
Unexposed	5544	18632	1.0	1.0
Pre-exposure to a proton pump inhibitor
Pre 1–30 days	476	383	5.24 (4.94 – 5.57)	5.17 (4.86 – 5.49)
Pre 31–60 days	166	353	2.02 (1.85 – 2.20)	2.00 (1.83 – 2.18)
Pre 61–120 days	148	589	1.09 (0.99 – 1.19)	1.07 (0.98 – 1.17)
Post-exposure to proton pump inhibitors
1–7 days	69	90	3.22 (2.83 – 3.66)	3.07 (2.69 – 3.50)
8–30 days	135	287	2.01 (1.82 – 2.21)	2.00 (1.82 – 2.20)
>30 days	1131	2978	1.67 (1.58 – 1.77)	1.66 (1.56 – 1.76)

* Adjusted for time-varying age and study year only.

**Adjusted for time-varying age, study year, number of co-morbidities (assessed annually using the validated Rx-Risk-V [12] score), season, residential aged-care status, use of tiotropium as a proxy indicator of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), use of angiotensin renin system medicines concurrent with frusemide as a proxy indicator of those with heart failure, number of prescriptions, number of prescribers, number of pharmacies, occupational therapy visits and speech pathology services.