Table 1. Demographic characteristics and health-related behaviors of study subgroups.
| Sample (n) | Mean age (SD) | Female (%) | Urban area | Currently married (%) | High school education or more (%) | Employed or self-employed (%) | Statutory insurance (%) | Non-smoker (%) | Non-drinker (%) | Sedentary (%) |
| Overall (10987) | 44.3 (17) | 50.4 | 50.0 | 73.7 | 32.1 | 54.4 | 85.3 | 72.0 | 91.0 | 66.7 |
| Reference group I* (8492) | 46.6 (15.8) | 45.9 | 49.9 | 76.2 | 24.2 | 61.2 | 86.4 | 69.7 | 87.2 | 69.2 |
| Reference group II* (657) | 41.3 (16.3) | 50.4 | 49.0 | 72.3 | 34.8 | 55.6 | 84.7 | 72.2 | 90.8 | 66.8 |
| Infectious disease (21) | 45.4 (13.9) | 42.9 | 19.1 | 71.4 | 38.1 | 57.1 | 95.2 | 76.2 | 100.0 | 81.0 |
| Cancer (17) | 56 (13.3) | 50.0 | 75.0 | 81.3 | 18.8 | 43.8 | 87.5 | 87.5 | 100.0 | 81.3 |
| 2Diabetes (97) | 62.6 (11.1) | 80.9 | 47.9 | 79.8 | 24.5 | 23.4 | 80.9 | 71.3 | 94.7 | 27.7 |
| Anemia (36) | 51.6 (15.7) | 24.1 | 58.6 | 79.3 | 10.3 | 65.5 | 93.1 | 75.9 | 93.1 | 89.7 |
| Mental disease (26) | 48.4 (15.5) | 32.0 | 68.0 | 60.0 | 12.0 | 44.0 | 76.0 | 80.0 | 100.0 | 92.0 |
| Heart disease (184) | 65.2 (12.9) | 67.1 | 63.6 | 74.0 | 24.3 | 24.3 | 85.0 | 80.4 | 97.1 | 56.1 |
| Hypertension (469) | 60.3 (11.6) | 68.6 | 54.4 | 78.9 | 28.2 | 37.6 | 83.7 | 72.3 | 93.6 | 51.4 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (78) | 64.6 (11.0) | 43.1 | 45.8 | 77.8 | 19.4 | 33.3 | 90.3 | 69.4 | 98.6 | 70.8 |
| Respiratory disease (120) | 57.9 (15.0) | 36.4 | 40.7 | 79.7 | 22.0 | 62.7 | 89.8 | 60.2 | 89.0 | 78.0 |
| Digestive disease (189) | 51.7 (13.0) | 39.2 | 51.9 | 84.0 | 21.6 | 68.5 | 93.4 | 62.4 | 91.7 | 76.2 |
| Genitourinary disease (62) | 54.7 (14.3) | 45.2 | 59.7 | 85.5 | 16.1 | 40.3 | 95.2 | 74.2 | 95.2 | 66.1 |
| Musculoskeletal disease (268) | 52.9 (13.4) | 39.0 | 57.1 | 81.1 | 18.5 | 56.8 | 89.2 | 71.4 | 88.8 | 76.5 |
| Other chronic diseases (271) | 52.6 (15.1) | 44.1 | 57.0 | 80.9 | 18.4 | 55.9 | 87.9 | 76.6 | 92.2 | 73.4 |
*
Reference group I = healthy population, representing the respondents without chronic disease and no apparent health problems during the two weeks immediately before the survey.
*
Reference group II = patients without chronic conditions (general patients), representing the respondents without chronic disease but some detectable health problem during the two weeks immediately before the survey.