Table 1.
Characteristics of the total and city-specific populations
| Characteristic | Total (n = 397) | Munich (n = 326) | Wesel (n = 71) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Design | |||
| Enrichment samplea | 167 (42.1) | 117 (35.9) | 50 (70.4) |
| Population-based | 230 (57.9) | 209 (64.1) | 21 (29.6) |
| Study | |||
| GINI observation | 125 (31.5) | 84 (25.8) | 41 (57.7) |
| GINI intervention | 131 (33.0) | 114 (35.0) | 17 (23.9) |
| LISA | 141 (35.5) | 128 (39.3) | 13 (18.3) |
| Socioeconomic statusb,c | |||
| Low | 26 (6.6) | 19 (5.9) | 7 (9.9) |
| Medium | 83 (21.1) | 51 (15.8) | 32 (45.1) |
| High | 285 (72.3) | 253 (78.3) | 32 (45.1) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 175 (44.1) | 147 (45.1) | 28 (39.4) |
| Female | 222 (55.9) | 179 (54.9) | 43 (60.6) |
| Birthweight (kg) | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.5 |
| % of years with ETS at home | |||
| No ETS | 256 (64.5) | 224 (68.7) | 32 (45.1) |
| ≤50% | 66 (16.6) | 51 (15.6) | 15 (21.1) |
| >50% | 75 (18.9) | 51 (15.6) | 24 (33.8) |
| Puberty startedd,e | |||
| No | 252 (64.6) | 202 (63.3) | 50 (70.4) |
| Yes | 138 (35.4) | 117 (36.7) | 21 (29.6) |
| Age of the child (years) | 10.2 ± 0.2 | 10.2 ± 0.3 | 10.3 ± 0.2 |
| BMI at 10 years (kg/m2) | 18.3 ± 2.9 | 18.3 ± 2.9 | 18.2 ± 2.9 |
| HOMA-IR (GM) | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 1.5 ± 1.8 |
| Distance to major road (m) (GM) | 190.2 ± 3.3 | 175.0 ± 3.1 | 280.8 ± 3.7 |
| NO2 (μg/m3) | 21.7 ± 5.3 | 21.2 ± 5.5 | 24.0 ± 3.1 |
| PM10 (μg/m3) | 21.2 ± 3.0 | 20.3 ± 2.4 | 25.5 ± 1.2 |
| PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 14 ± 1.9 | 13.3 ± 1.0 | 17.5 ± 0.7 |
| PM2.5 absorbance (10−5/m) | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 |
Values are n (%) or mean ± SD
aBMI at 10 years >85th percentile
bHighest number of years of education of either parent
cInformation was missing for n=3 children
dDefined as a parental report of signs of puberty (e.g. pubic hair, menarche)
eInformation was missing for n=10 children
GM, geometric mean