Table 3. Monthly medical expenditures for nonsurvivors and cost ratios of expenditures for those exposed to ETS at home relative to unexposed nonsurvivors.
| Median total expenditure (IQR), JPY |
Total expenditure | Hospitalization | Inpatient expenditurea | Outpatient expenditure | |||||
| Cost ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Cost ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Cost ratio (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Ratio across all age strata | |||||||||
| Crude ratio | |||||||||
| Moderately exposed | 0.68 (0.53–0.87) | 0.002 | 0.88 (0.33–2.32) | 0.79 | 0.71 (0.52–0.96) | 0.02 | 0.65 (0.49–0.85) | 0.002 | |
| Highly exposed | 0.85 (0.68–1.08) | 0.18 | 0.49 (0.22–1.11) | 0.09 | 0.91 (0.68–1.22) | 0.52 | 0.88 (0.68–1.14) | 0.33 | |
| Age-adjusted ratiob | |||||||||
| Moderately exposed | 0.69 (0.54–0.88) | 0.003 | 0.94 (0.35–2.54) | 0.90 | 0.70 (0.51–0.95) | 0.02 | 0.70 (0.53–0.92) | 0.01 | |
| Highly exposed | 0.84 (0.66–1.06) | 0.14 | 0.51 (0.22–1.18) | 0.12 | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 0.45 | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | 0.22 | |
| Fully adjusted ratioc | |||||||||
| Moderately exposed | 0.69 (0.54–0.87) | 0.002 | 1.11 (0.39–3.19) | 0.85 | 0.66 (0.48–0.90) | 0.009 | 0.76 (0.59–0.99) | 0.04 | |
| Highly exposed | 0.90 (0.71–1.13) | 0.36 | 0.57 (0.23–1.39) | 0.22 | 0.92 (0.67–1.26) | 0.60 | 0.93 (0.73–1.18) | 0.54 | |
| Ratio in each age stratumd | |||||||||
| Age stratum 40–49 years | 48 200 (16 800–72 200) | ||||||||
| Moderately exposed | 0.73 (0.28–1.86) | 0.50 | NA | 0.52 (0.16–1.66) | 0.27 | 1.14 (0.42–3.09) | 0.79 | ||
| Highly exposed | 0.97 (0.37–2.49) | 0.94 | NA | 1.30 (0.40–4.17) | 0.66 | 0.57 (0.21–1.55) | 0.27 | ||
| Age stratum 50–59 years | 57 600 (22 500–111 400) | ||||||||
| Moderately exposed | 0.58 (0.32–1.05) | 0.07 | 1.60 (0.18–13.89) | 0.67 | 0.70 (0.33–1.48) | 0.35 | 0.41 (0.22–0.77) | 0.005 | |
| Highly exposed | 1.05 (0.58–1.92) | 0.87 | 0.51 (0.07–3.64) | 0.50 | 1.54 (0.70–3.38) | 0.28 | 0.60 (0.32–1.12) | 0.11 | |
| Age stratum 60–69 years | 69 500 (34 600–114 100) | ||||||||
| Moderately exposed | 0.75 (0.51–1.11) | 0.15 | NA | 0.78 (0.48–1.26) | 0.31 | 0.65 (0.43–0.98) | 0.04 | ||
| Highly exposed | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | 0.12 | 0.61 (0.19–1.99) | 0.41 | 0.75 (0.49–1.14) | 0.17 | 0.91 (0.65–1.27) | 0.57 | |
| Age stratum 70–79 years | 52 700 (32 400–108 000) | ||||||||
| Moderately exposed | 0.69 (0.46–1.05) | 0.08 | 0.41 (0.08–2.18) | 0.29 | 0.60 (0.34–1.05) | 0.07 | 1.03 (0.67–1.59) | 0.90 | |
| Highly exposed | 1.03 (0.65–1.64) | 0.90 | 0.71 (0.09–5.50) | 0.74 | 0.87 (0.48–1.58) | 0.65 | 1.35 (0.83–2.18) | 0.23 | |
All ratios are expressed as ratio relative to women unexposed to ETS. Age indicates age at baseline survey in 1994.
ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; IQR, interquartile range; JPY, Japanese yen; NA, not applicable.
aInpatient expenditures are compared among women who had 1 or more hospitalizations.
bAdjusted for 10-year age stratum.
cAdjusted for age, body mass index, alcohol drinking status, dietary energy intake, time spent walking, self-rated health, marital status, current job status, and education.
dComputed from a model that includes interaction term (ETS exposure level × 10-year age stratum) in addition to ETS exposure level, age, body mass index, alcohol drinking status, dietary energy intake, time spent walking, self-rated health, marital status, current job status, and education.