Table 1. Characteristics of male participants (n = 2691) included in analysis of active smoking, by smoking status.
| Never smokers |
Former smokers |
Light smokers (<20 cigarettes/day) |
Moderate smokers (20–39 cigarettes/day) |
Heavy smokers (≥40 cigarettes/day) |
P value | |
| n (%) | 999 (37.1) | 310 (11.5) | 583 (21.7) | 707 (26.3) | 92 (3.4) | — |
| Age (years)a,b,c,d | 62.9 ± 10.5 | 61.0 ± 10.0 | 58.3 ± 10.2 | 55.8 ± 8.8 | 55.4 ± 7.4 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a,b | 25.0 ± 0.1 | 25.6 ± 0.2 | 24.7 ± 0.1 | 24.9 ± 0.1 | 25.3 ± 0.3 | 0.0008 |
| Education level | <0.0001 | |||||
| Low | 286 (28.7) | 96 (31.0) | 129 (22.1) | 172 (24.6) | 28 (30.4) | |
| Intermediate | 602 (60.5) | 196 (63.2) | 419 (71.9) | 495 (70.7) | 62 (67.4) | |
| High | 107 (10.8) | 18 (5.8) | 35 (6.0) | 33 (4.7) | 2 (2.2) | |
| Alcohol usea,b,c | <0.0001 | |||||
| Yes | 235 (76.5) | 128 (58.7) | 229 (60.7) | 283 (60.0) | 30 (67.4) | |
| No | 764 (23.5) | 182 (41.3) | 354 (39.3) | 424 (40.0) | 62 (32.6) | |
| Physical activityb,c,d | <0.0001 | |||||
| Yes | 717 (71.8) | 218 (70.3) | 367 (63.0) | 410 (58.0) | 50 (54.4) | |
| No | 282 (28.2) | 92 (29.7) | 216 (37.1) | 297 (42.0) | 42 (45.7) | |
| Hypertensiona,b,c,d | <0.0001 | |||||
| Yes | 596 (59.7) | 161 (51.9) | 263 (45.1) | 265 (37.5) | 33 (35.9) | |
| No | 403 (40.3) | 149 (48.1) | 320 (54.9) | 442 (62.5) | 59 (64.1) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.64 | |||||
| Yes | 635 (63.6) | 209 (67.4) | 384 (65.9) | 482 (68.2) | 61 (66.3) | |
| No | 364 (36.4) | 101 (32.6) | 199 (34.1) | 225 (31.8) | 31 (33.7) | |
| Diabetesc | 0.05 | |||||
| Yes | 227 (22.7) | 70 (22.6) | 110 (18.9) | 123 (17.4) | 22 (23.9) | |
| No | 772 (77.3) | 240 (77.4) | 473 (81.1) | 584 (82.6) | 70 (76.1) | |
| NAFLDd | 0.02 | |||||
| Yes | 294 (29.4) | 106 (34.2) | 162 (27.8) | 218 (30.8) | 40 (43.5) | |
| No | 705 (70.6) | 204 (65.8) | 421 (72.2) | 489 (69.2) | 52 (56.5) |
Abbreviations: NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index.
Values are means ± SD, or numbers (proportion). P values were obtained from the chi-square test (for categorical variables) or analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Student–Newman–Keuls (SNK) test (for continuous variables).
aP < 0.05 for former smokers vs never smokers; bP < 0.05 for light smokers vs never smokers; cP < 0.05 for moderate smokers vs never smokers; dP < 0.05 for heavy smokers vs never smokers.