Table 2. Odds ratios and 95% CIs for DIS, DMS, and PQS according to intakes of protein, fat, and carbohydrate.
| Variable | Odds ratios (CI) | P for trendb | |||||||||
| Protein intake categories (% energy) | |||||||||||
| <16 | 16–<19 | 19–<26 | 26≤ | <16 vs 16– (ref) | <19 (ref) vs 19– | ||||||
| Mean energy intake (kcal/day) | 1700 | 1642 | 1744 | 1849 | 1699/1745 | NA | |||||
| Number of participants | 1209 | 1209 | 1209 | 1208 | 1209/3626 | ||||||
| DIS | number of cases (%) | 186 (15.4) | 154 (12.7) | 137 (11.3) | 144 (11.9) | 186/435 | |||||
| crude | 1 | 0.80 (0.64–1.01) | 0.70 (0.56–0.89)* | 0.74 (0.59–0.94)* | 1.33 (1.10–1.60)* | ||||||
| adjusteda | 1 | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | 0.76 (0.47–1.24) | 0.25 | 1.24 (0.99–1.56) | |||||
| DMS | number of cases (%) | 213 (17.6) | 208 (17.2) | 254 (21.0) | 305 (25.2) | NA | 675/305 | ||||
| crude | 1 | 0.97 (0.79–1.20) | 1.25 (1.01–1.53)* | 1.58 (1.30–1.92)* | 1.47 (1.26–1.72) | ||||||
| adjusteda | 1 | 0.98 (0.78–1.22) | 1.37 (1.05–1.79)* | 1.59 (1.06–2.38)* | 0.02* | 1.40 (1.12–1.76)* | |||||
| PQS | number of cases (%) | 450 (37.2) | 392 (32.4) | 372 (30.8) | 353 (29.2) | 450/1117 | NA | ||||
| crude | 1 | 0.81 (0.68–0.96)* | 0.75 (0.63–0.89)* | 0.70 (0.59–0.83)* | 1.33 (1.16–1.53)* | ||||||
| adjusteda | 1 | 0.79 (0.66–0.95)* | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 0.49 | 1.24 (1.04–1.48)* | |||||
| Fat intake categories (% energy) | |||||||||||
| <20 | 20–<25 | 25≤ | |||||||||
| Mean energy intake (kcal/day) | 1888 | 1724 | 1559 | ||||||||
| Number of participants | 1743 | 1633 | 1459 | ||||||||
| DIS | number of cases (%) | 226 (13.0) | 204 (12.5) | 191 (13.1) | |||||||
| crude | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | 1 | 1.06 (0.85–1.30) | ||||||||
| adjusteda | 1.06 (0.86–1.32) | 1 | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 0.31 | |||||||
| DMS | number of cases (%) | 380 (21.8) | 321 (19.7) | 279 (19.1) | |||||||
| crude | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | 1 | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) | ||||||||
| adjusteda | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | 1 | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 0.38 | |||||||
| PQS | number of cases (%) | 542 (31.1) | 534 (32.7) | 491 (33.7) | |||||||
| crude | 0.93 (0.80–1.07) | 1 | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | ||||||||
| adjusteda | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 1 | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | 0.24 | |||||||
| Carbohydrate intake categories (% energy) | |||||||||||
| <50 | 50–<70 | 70≤ | <50 vs 50– (ref) | ||||||||
| Mean energy intake (kcal/day) | 1693 | 1733 | 2042 | NA | |||||||
| Number of participants | 1104 | 3583 | 148 | ||||||||
| DIS | number of cases (%) | 128 (11.6) | 472 (13.2) | 21 (14.2) | |||||||
| crude | 0.86 (0.70–1.06) | 1 | 1.09 (0.68–1.75) | ||||||||
| adjusteda | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) | 1 | 1.05 (0.64–1.71) | 0.27 | |||||||
| DMS | number of cases (%) | 268 (24.3) | 687 (19.2) | 25 (16.9) | 268/712 | ||||||
| crude | 1.35 (1.15–1.59)* | 1 | 0.86 (0.55–1.33) | 1.36 (1.16–1.60)* | |||||||
| adjusteda | 1.18 (0.97–1.45) | 1 | 0.85 (0.54–1.34) | 0.07 | 1.19 (0.97–1.45) | ||||||
| PQS | number of cases (%) | 335 (30.3) | 1181 (33.0) | 51 (34.5) | NA | ||||||
| crude | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 1 | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) | ||||||||
| adjusteda | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) | 1 | 1.12 (0.77–1.62) | 0.35 | |||||||
DIS, difficulty in initiating sleep; DMS, difficulty in maintaining sleep; PQS, poor quality of sleep; ref, reference category; NA, not applicable. *P < 0.05.
aOdds ratios adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, mental well-being, perceived stress, smoking status, regular exercise, alcohol intake, coffee drinking habit, total energy intake, and histories of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
bTests for linear trends used the median value in each group as a continuous variable in logistic regression.