Table 3. Odds ratios and 95% CIs for DIS, DMS, and PQS according to intakes of protein, fat, and carbohydrate stratified by alcohol drinking status.
| Alcohol drinking status | Odds ratios (95% CI)a | |||
| Intakes (% energy) | ||||
| Insomnia symptoms | ||||
| Drinkers (n = 3365) | ||||
| Protein | <16% | 16%≤ | ||
| DIS | 1.27 (0.90–1.80) | 1 | ||
| PQS | 1.20 (0.92–1.56) | 1 | ||
| Protein | <19% | 19%≤ | ||
| DMS | 1 | 1.31 (1.02–1.69)* | ||
| Carbohydrate | <50% | 50%≤ | ||
| DMS | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 1 | ||
| Nondrinkers (n = 1470) | ||||
| Protein | <16% | 16%≤ | ||
| DIS | 1.27 (0.93–1.73) | 1 | ||
| PQS | 1.24 (0.98–1.57) | 1 | ||
| Protein | <19% | 19%≤ | ||
| DMS | 1 | 1.86 (1.12–3.01)* | ||
| Carbohydrate | <50% | 50%≤ | ||
| DMS | 1.39 (0.88–2.19) | 1 | ||
DIS, difficulty in initiating sleep; DMS, difficulty in maintaining sleep; PQS, poor quality of sleep. *P < 0.05.
aOdds ratios adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, mental well-being, perceived stress, smoking status, regular exercise, alcohol intake, coffee drinking habit, total energy intake, and histories of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.