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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 3.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Pathol. 2011;6:395–423. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092150

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Sequence of events following AGE:RAGE (advanced glycation end products:receptor for advanced glycation end products) interactions and excess glucose entry into the cell via glucose transporter (GLUT). Diacylglycerol (DAG) and activated phospholipase C (PLC) increase the expression and activity of protein kinase C (PKC), which modulates the expression of a wide variety of genes that adversely affect glomerular pathophysiology, thereby leading to increased vascular permeability, mesangial expansion, hyperfiltration, and proteinuria. Abbreviations: Ang II, angiotensin II; e-NOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ET-1, endothelin 1; IP3, inositol trisphosphate; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.