Table 4.
Pre–Post-treatment Measurements of the Primary Outcomes Within the Interventions by the Professional Therapists: Touch- (Massage) and No-Touch Interventions
| |
Touch |
No touch |
|
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
N=55 |
N=23 |
p-Value |
|||
| Baseline mean±SD | Difference from baseline mean (95% CI) | Baseline mean±SD | Difference from baseline mean (95% CI) | Unadjusted | Adjusted by baseline | |
| Paina | 3.4±3.1 | −1.4 (−1.9, −0.9) | 1.9±2.2 | −0.5 (−1.2, 0.1) | 0.04 | 0.18 |
| Anxietyb | 3.1±2.7 | −2.0 (−2.6, −1.3) | 3.6±2.9 | −1.7 (−2.9, −0.5) | 0.72 | 0.80 |
| Alertnessc | 8.5±1.6 | −0.9 (−1.7, −0.2) | 9.3±1.5 | −0.5 (−1.2, 0.3) | 0.40 | 0.48 |
a
0=no pain to 10=most severe pain.
b
0=no anxiety to 10=most severe anxiety.
c
0=not at all alert to 10=most alert.
SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.