Table 2.
Baseline Measures of Anthropometric, Physical Performance, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) outcomes
| Median (25th percentile – 75th percentile) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric / Physical Performance: |
Full sample (N=118) | Yoga intervention group (N=58) |
Control intervention group (N=60) |
p-value (a) |
| Primary Outcomes: | ||||
| Debrunner angle (degrees) | 58.0 (51.0 – 65.0) | 56.2 (51.7 – 63.7) | 58.7 (49.0 – 65.5) | 0.502 |
| Height (cm) | 159.2 (153.4 – 166.7) | 158.1 (154.2 – 164.6) | 159.6 (151.9 – 167.4) | 0.557 |
| Chair stand (seconds) † | 14.7 (12.5 – 17.6) | 14.4 (12.5 – 17.2) | 14.9 (12.1 – 17.8) | 0.645 |
| Functional reach (cm) | 33.0 (29.0 – 38.4) | 32.2 (29.1 – 38.4) | 34.1 (28.9 – 38.2) | 0.807 |
| 50-foot walk (m/sec) ‡, | 1.34 (1.17 – 1.54) | 1.35 (1.19 – 1.58) | 1.32 (1.13 – 1.51) | 0.312 |
| Secondary Outcomes: | ||||
| Kyphosis index | 0.16 (0.14 – 0.19) | 0.16 (0.14 – 0.18) | 0.16 (0.14 – 0.19) | 0.687 |
| RBS blocks ठ| 2.67 (2.00 Р3.33) | 2.67 (2.00 Р3.33) | 2.67 (2.00 Р3.67) | 0.334 |
| Flexicurve angle (degrees) | 36.5 (31.6 – 41.5) | 36.1 (31.6 – 39.8) | 36.6 (31.3 – 41.7) | 0.518 |
| HRQOL Outcomes: | ||||
| RAND 36-item health survey 1.0:‡, | ||||
| Physical functioning | 85.0 (70.0 – 95.0) | 85.0 (70.0 – 95.0) | 85.0 (60.0 – 95.0) | 0.515 |
| Role limitations-physical | 100.0 (50.0 – 100.0) | 100.0 (50.0 – 100.0) | 100.0 (50.0 – 100.0) | 0.924 |
| Role limitations-emotional | 100.0 (100.0 – 100.0) | 100.0 (100.0 – 100.0) | 100.0 (100.0 – 100.0) | 0.452 |
| Energy / fatigue | 60.0 (50.0 – 75.0) | 65.0 (50.0 – 75.0) | 55.0 (50.0 – 75.0) | 0.320 |
| Emotional well-being | 80.0 (68.0 – 88.0) | 80.0 (68.0 – 88.0) | 80.0 (64.0 – 92.0) | 1.000 |
| Social functioning | 100.0 (77.5 – 100.0) | 100.0 (87.5 – 100.0) | 90.0 (67.5 – 100.0) | 0.067 |
| General health perceptions | 75.0 (60.0 – 85.0) | 75.0 (60.0 – 85.0) | 75.0 (60.0 – 85.0) | 0.563 |
| Bodily pain (single item) | 85.0 (70.0 – 100.0) | 90.0 (75.0 – 100.0) | 85.0 (65.0 – 100.0) | 0.163 |
| RAND Bodily Pain Survey: | ||||
| Any pain in past 4 weeks‡, | 75.2 (88) | 70.7 (41) | 79.7 (47) | 0.290 |
| Pain severity¶: | 0.442 | |||
| Mild | 37.5 (33) | 31.7 (13) | 42.55 (20) | |
| Moderate | 51.1 (45) | 58.5 (24) | 44.7 (21) | |
| Severe | 11.4 (10) | 9.8 (4) | 12.8 (6) | |
| Pain frequency: ¶ | 0.753 | |||
| Rare | 37.5 (33) | 39.0 (16) | 36.2 (17) | |
| Fairly / very often | 44.3 (39) | 46.3 (19) | 42.6 (20) | |
| Daily / almost daily | 18.2 (16) | 14.6 (6) | 21.3 (10) | |
| Pain interfered with daily activity (# days) §,¶f) |
0.0 (0.0 – 7.0) | 0.0 (0.0 – 6.5) | 0.0 (0.0 – 7.0) | 0.860 |
| Pain interference with QOL §¶ | 1.8 (1.4 – 2.4) | 1.8 (1.4 – 2.2) | 2.0 (1.2 – 2.8) | 0.356 |
| Visual analog pain severity ¶ | 4.0 (3.0 – 8.5) | 4.0 (3.0 – 9.0) | 5.0 (3.0 – 8.0) | 0.926 |
| Visual analog worst pain ¶ | 8.0 (4.0 – 12.0) | 8.0 (4.0 – 12.0) | 8.0 (4.0 – 12.0) | 0.619 |
|
Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC): |
||||
| Full ABC scale‡ | 88.0 (75.6 – 93.8) | 87.5 (78.8 – 93.8) | 88.1 (67.5 – 94.0) | 0.470 |
| ABC-6 ‡ | 75.0 (60.0 – 86.7) | 78.3 (63.3 – 86.7) | 75.0 (56.7 – 86.0) | 0.468 |
*
Comparison of treatment arms using Wilcoxon two-sample rank sum test for continuous outcomes and Fisher’s exact test for categorical outcomes
†
Missing data from 3 Yoga participants
‡
Missing data from 1 control participant
§
Missing data from 1 Yoga participant
¶
Subset who reported any pain in past 4 weeks
#
Missing data from 2 control participants