Table 4.
Univariate analysis of factors associated with copd-related and total healthcare costs
| |
COPD-related cost |
Total healthcare cost |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables |
Unadjusted regression |
p-value |
Unadjusted regression |
p11-value |
|
Coefficient |
Coefficient |
|||
| [95% confidence limits] | [95% confidence limits] | |||
| Age |
0.003 [−0.008, 0.013] |
0.627 |
−0.009 [−0.017, -0.001] |
0.02 |
| Female |
0.413 [−0.252, 1.077] |
0.223 |
0.192 [−0.309, 0.692] |
0.452 |
| Married |
−0.288 [−0.789, 0.213] |
0.259 |
−0.527 [−0.904, -0.151] |
0.006 |
| Divorced |
0.154 [−0.359, 0.666] |
0.556 |
−0.222 [−0.608, 0.163] |
0.258 |
| Separated |
0.010 [−0.733, 0.753] |
0.979 |
0.004 [−0.555, 0.564] |
0.987 |
| Widowed |
0.276 [−0.303, 0.856] |
0.350 |
−0.248 [−0.684, 0.188] |
0.264 |
| Black |
0.002 [−0.337, 0.341] |
0.991 |
0.233 [−0.017, 0.483] |
0.068 |
| Current Smoker |
0.750 [0.156, 1.345] |
0.014 |
0.568 [0.14, 0.996] |
0.009 |
| Ever Smoker |
0.749 [0.152, 1.346] |
0.014 |
0.645 [0.215, 1.074] |
0.003 |
| Hospitalizations |
1.196 [1.120, 1.271] |
<.0001 |
0.747 [0.68, 0.813] |
<.0001 |
| Clinic visits |
0.110 [0.091, 0.129] |
<.0001 |
0.055 [0.04, 0.04] |
<.0001 |
| ED visits |
0.695 [0.562, 0.828] |
<.0001 |
0.356 [0.252, 0.459] |
<.0001 |
| Number of Prescriptions |
0.049 [0.037, 0.060] |
<.0001 |
0.021 [0.012, 0.03] |
<.0001 |
| BMI |
−0.015 [−0.031, 0.001] |
0.067 |
0.012 [0, 0.025] |
0.048 |
| FEV1 |
−0.493 [−0.639, -0.349] |
<.0001 |
−0.019 [−0.13, 0.091] |
0.73 |
| FVC |
−0.300 [−0.422, -0.178] |
<.0001 |
−0.066 [−0.156, 0.024] |
0.15 |
| DLCO |
−0.070 [−0.092, -0.049] |
<.0001 |
−0.026 [−0.010, -0.01] |
0.002 |
| EF |
−1.192 [−2.568, 0.184] |
0.089 |
−0.545 [−1.462, 0.371] |
0.243 |
| Maximum serum bicarbonate |
0.086 [0.054, 0.118] |
<.0001 |
0.047 [0.024, 0.069] |
<.0001 |
| CAD |
0.282 [0.038, 0.527] |
0.024 |
0.27 [0.086, 0.453] |
0.004 |
| Depression |
−0.102 [−0.360, 0.157] |
0.440 |
0.281 [0.088, 0.475] |
0.004 |
| DM |
0.194 [−0.075, 0.463] |
0.157 |
0.416 [0.215, 0.617] |
<.0001 |
| Heart failure |
0.422 [−0.069, 0.914] |
0.092 |
0.541 [0.172, 0.91] |
0.004 |
| Hypertension |
−0.119 [−0.348, 0.110] |
0.309 |
0.137 [−0.035, 0.309] |
0.119 |
| Influenza vaccine |
−0.083 [−0.335, 0.168] |
0.516 |
0.037 [−0.153, 0.227] |
0.704 |
| Pneumococcal vaccine |
0.147 [−0.172, 0.466] |
0.365 |
0.058 [−0.182, 0.298] |
0.633 |
| Long acting beta agonists |
0.776 [0.545, 1.007] |
<.0001 |
0.178 [0, 0.355] |
0.05 |
| Short acting anti-muscarinic |
0.756 [0.539, 0.974] |
<.0001 |
0.131 [−0.037, 0.298] |
0.126 |
| Long acting anti-muscarinic |
0.964 [0.658, 1.269] |
<.0001 |
0.394 [0.161, 0.627] |
0.001 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids |
0.815 [0.596, 1.034] |
<.0001 |
0.196 [0.27, 0.365] |
0.023 |
| Oral corticosteroids |
1.034 [0.513, 1.556] |
<.0001 |
0.618 [0.225, 1.011] |
0.002 |
| Supplemental oxygen |
1.081 [0.829, 1.333] |
<.0001 |
0.551 [0.358, 0.745] |
<.0001 |
| Theophylline |
0.619 [0.088, 1.150] |
0.022 |
0.107 [−0.293, 0.507] |
0.599 |
| Statin |
−0.128 [−0.350, 0.095] |
0.262 |
0.133 [−0.034, 0.301] |
0.118 |
| Illicit drug use |
−0.014 [−0.407, 0.380] |
0.946 |
0.005 [−0.267, 0.276] |
0.972 |
| Nursing home resident |
2.363 [1.839, 2.887] |
<.0001 |
1.682 [1.286, 2.078] |
<.0001 |
| Treated by a pulmonologist |
0.639 [0.389, 0.889] |
<.0001 |
0.359 [0.17, 0.549] |
<.001 |
| COPD for > 5 years | 0.335 [0.097, 0.574] | 0.006 | 0.042 [−0.139, 0.222] | 0.651 |
ED, Emergency department; BMI, Body mass index; FEV1, Forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, Forced vital capacity; DLCO, Diffusing capacity; EF, Ejection fraction; CAD, Coronary artery disease; DM, Diabetes mellitis; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.