Table 2. Fossil taxon means and standard errors for body mass, distal segment lengths, elongation ratios, and residuals.
| Taxon | Higher Taxon | N | Behavior1 | est ln(BM)2 | SE | ln(DL) | SE | ln(DL/TL)3 | SE | Res A4 | Res B4 |
| Cantius mckennai | Notharctinae | 3 | NA | 6.472 | 0.129 | 2.10 | 0.039 | −0.849 | 1.155 | −0.023 | 0.122 |
| Cantius abditus | Notharctinae | 6 | NA | 7.05 | 0.1 | 2.25 | 0.016 | −0.889 | 0.945 | −0.024 | 0.127 |
| Cantius feretutus | Notharctinae | 2 | NA | 6.658 | 0.056 | 2.08 | 0.022 | −0.888 | 1.214 | −0.050 | 0.055 |
| Cantius trigonodus | Notharctinae | 4 | NA | 6.714 | 0.162 | 2.21 | 0.022 | −0.846 | 1.962 | −0.004 | 0.171 |
| Cantius ralstoni | Notharctinae | 1 | NA | 6.12 | – | 1.98 | 0.004 | −0.789 | – | 0.013 | 0.090 |
| Notharctus sp. | Notharctinae | 9 | NA | 7.743 | 0.093 | 2.29 | 0.016 | −0.894 | 1.106 | 0.018 | −0.006 |
| Smilodectes gracilis | Notharctinae | 2 | NA | 7.824 | 0.071 | 2.30 | 0.018 | −0.918 | 1.357 | 0.000 | −0.016 |
| Anchomomys frontanyensis | Cercamoniinae | 2 | NA | 4.74 | 0.046 | 1.68 | 0.030 | −0.662 | 1.825 | 0.046 | 0.135 |
| Adapis parisiensis | Adapinae | 6 | NA | 6.972 | 0.035 | 1.61 | 0.045 | −1.241 | 1.483 | −0.381 | −0.493 |
| Adapis sp. | Adapinae | 1 | NA | 7.71 | – | 1.98 | – | −1.119 | – | −0.209 | −0.308 |
| Leptadapis magnus | Adapinae | 11 | NA | 8.768 | 0.065 | 2.32 | 0.026 | −1.186 | 2.197 | −0.204 | −0.232 |
| Asiadapis cambayensis | Asiadapinae | 1 | NA | 5.83 | – | 1.45 | – | −0.939 | – | −0.157 | −0.368 |
| Marcgodinotius indicus | Asiadapinae | 5 | NA | 4.786 | 0.082 | 1.13 | 0.028 | −0.869 | 1.506 | −0.158 | −0.427 |
| Teilhardina belgica | Omomyiformes | 4 | NA | 3.818 | 0.029 | 1.28 | 0.034 | −0.643 | 0.941 | 0.002 | −0.035 |
| Absarokius sp. | Omomyiformes | 1 | NA | 4.52 | – | 1.73 | – | −0.611 | – | 0.082 | 0.240 |
| Tetonius homunculus | Omomyiformes | 1 | NA | 4.403 | – | 1.58 | – | −0.685 | – | 0.000 | 0.119 |
| Arapahovius sp. | Omomyiformes | 1 | NA | 4.095 | – | 1.60 | – | −0.524 | – | 0.140 | 0.216 |
| Washakius insignis | Omomyiformes | 1 | NA | 4.862 | – | 1.72 | – | −0.626 | – | 0.090 | 0.144 |
| Shoshonius cooperi | Omomyiformes | 1 | NA | 4.62 | – | 1.70 | – | −0.619 | – | 0.081 | 0.185 |
| Omomys carteri | Omomyiformes | 5 | NA | 5.833 | 0.051 | 2.05 | 0.028 | −0.641 | 0.843 | 0.141 | 0.232 |
| Ourayia uintensis | Omomyiformes | 1 | NA | 7.065 | – | 2.38 | – | −0.722 | – | 0.144 | 0.254 |
| Hemiacodon gracilis | Omomyiformes | 1 | NA | 6.079 | – | 2.03 | – | −0.671 | – | 0.128 | 0.150 |
| Necrolemur antiquus | Omomyiformes | 1 | NA | 5.559 | – | 2.57 | – | −0.404 | – | 0.360 | 0.820 |
| Komba robustus | Lorisiformes | 2 | NA | 5.691 | 0.004 | 1.97 | – | −0.605 | 4.829 | 0.167 | 0.187 |
| Eosimias sinensis | Eosimiidae | 3 | NA | 4.45 | 0.249 | 1.30 | 0.087 | −0.741 | 2.409 | −0.053 | −0.173 |
| Parapithecidae var. | Parapithecidae | 5 | NA | 6.526 | 0.202 | 2.06 | 0.057 | −0.961 | 2.524 | −0.132 | 0.068 |
| Proteopithecus sylviae | ?Parapithecidae | 1 | NA | 5.641 | – | 1.70 | – | −0.825 | – | −0.056 | −0.071 |
| Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion | Indrioidea | 1 | SC/T/SUS | 8.046 | – | 2.49 | 0.009 | −1.182 | – | −0.249 | 0.118 |
| Paleopropithecus sp. | Indrioidea | 3 | SUS | 9.254 | 0.095 | 2.04 | – | −1.510 | 7.428 | −0.495 | −0.634 |
| Babakotia radioflai | Indrioidea | 3 | SUS | 8.622 | 0.132 | 1.79 | 0.099 | −0.854 | 1.459 | 0.118 | −0.726 |
| Archaeolemur.sp. | Indrioidea | 5 | SC/T | 9.628 | 0.011 | 2.20 | 0.000 | −1.120 | 1.188 | −0.080 | −0.567 |
| Pachylemur insignis | Lemuridae | 1 | SC/T | 9.043 | – | 2.50 | 0.017 | −1.234 | – | −0.234 | −0.121 |
| Megaladapis.sp. | Megaladapidae | 3 | VC | 10.473 | 0.180 | 2.88 | 0.051 | −1.067 | 3.987 | 0.031 | −0.099 |
| Plesiadapis cookei | Plesiadapidae | 1 | NA | 7.683 | – | 1.72 | – | −1.156 | – | −0.248 | −0.561 |
| Nannodectes gidleyi | Plesiadapidae | 1 | NA | 5.9 | – | 1.12 | – | −1.165 | – | −0.378 | −0.715 |
| Carpolestes simpsoni | Carpolestidae | 1 | NA | 5.149 | – | 0.97 | – | −0.926 | – | −0.190 | −0.678 |
| Dryomomys szalayi | Micromomyidae | 1 | NA | 2.359 | – | −0.19 | – | −1.146 | – | −0.600 | −1.140 |
| Phenacolemur simonsi | Paromomyidae | 1 | NA | 4.96 | – | 0.88 | – | −1.103 | – | −0.380 | −0.720 |
Behavior codes based on the literature (see methods): Abbreviations: VCL, vertical clinging & leaping; L, specialized/frequent leaper and/or grasp-leaper; AQ, arboreal quadruped with unspecialized/infrequent leaping; SC, slow climber (virtually no leaping); T, terrestrial; SUS, suspensory; NA, not applicable (extinct taxon). SC/T/SUS, taxon is characterized by one or more of the three indicated categories.
Natural log of body mass (BM) estimated from cuboid facet size using the following equation: ln[BM] = 1.3274*ln[CW*CD]+3.0238 (see Table S1 in File S1 for data).
Natural log of the ratio of calcaneal distal length (DL) to calcaneal total length (TL).
Res, Residual Elongation from lines calculated in caper using “All Euprimates” with n = 100 species (average from trees 1–4) (Fig. 8)]. Res A: ln[DL/TL] = −0.068(SE ±0.011)*ln[BM]+ −0.39(SE ±0.08); Res B (based on regression of absolute distal calcaneal length versus body mass): ln[DL] = 0.25(SE ±0.022)*ln[BM]+0.36(SE ±0.17).
Other abbreviations: est, estimate; ln, natural logarithm; n, sample size; SE = standard error.